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Libutti SK, Willett CG, Saltz LB: Cancer of the rectum. In: DeVita VT Jr, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA: Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, pp 1127-41.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Majumdar SR, Fletcher RH, Evans AT: How does colorectal cancer present? Symptoms, duration, and clues to location. Am J Gastroenterol 94 (10): 3039-45, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
Compton CC, Greene FL: The staging of colorectal cancer: 2004 and beyond. CA Cancer J Clin 54 (6): 295-308, 2004 Nov-Dec.[PUBMED Abstract]
Swanson RS, Compton CC, Stewart AK, et al.: The prognosis of T3N0 colon cancer is dependent on the number of lymph nodes examined. Ann Surg Oncol 10 (1): 65-71, 2003 Jan-Feb.[PUBMED Abstract]
Le Voyer TE, Sigurdson ER, Hanlon AL, et al.: Colon cancer survival is associated with increasing number of lymph nodes analyzed: a secondary survey of intergroup trial INT-0089. J Clin Oncol 21 (15): 2912-9, 2003.[PUBMED Abstract]
Prandi M, Lionetto R, Bini A, et al.: Prognostic evaluation of stage B colon cancer patients is improved by an adequate lymphadenectomy: results of a secondary analysis of a large scale adjuvant trial. Ann Surg 235 (4): 458-63, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
Tepper JE, O'Connell MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al.: Impact of number of nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 19 (1): 157-63, 2001.[PUBMED Abstract]
Balch GC, De Meo A, Guillem JG: Modern management of rectal cancer: a 2006 update. World J Gastroenterol 12 (20): 3186-95, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Weiser MR, Landmann RG, Wong WD, et al.: Surgical salvage of recurrent rectal cancer after transanal excision. Dis Colon Rectum 48 (6): 1169-75, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Griffin MR, Bergstralh EJ, Coffey RJ, et al.: Predictors of survival after curative resection of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Cancer 60 (9): 2318-24, 1987.[PUBMED Abstract]
DeVita VT Jr, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA: Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011.[PUBMED Abstract]
Wieder HA, Rosenberg R, Lordick F, et al.: Rectal cancer: MR imaging before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for prediction of tumor-free circumferential resection margins and long-term survival. Radiology 243 (3): 744-51, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gunderson LL, Sargent DJ, Tepper JE, et al.: Impact of T and N stage and treatment on survival and relapse in adjuvant rectal cancer: a pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol 22 (10): 1785-96, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
McLeod HL, Murray GI: Tumour markers of prognosis in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 79 (2): 191-203, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
Jen J, Kim H, Piantadosi S, et al.: Allelic loss of chromosome 18q and prognosis in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 331 (4): 213-21, 1994.[PUBMED Abstract]
Lanza G, Matteuzzi M, Gafá R, et al.: Chromosome 18q allelic loss and prognosis in stage II and III colon cancer. Int J Cancer 79 (4): 390-5, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Martin EW, Minton JP, Carey LC: CEA-directed second-look surgery in the asymptomatic patient after primary resection of colorectal carcinoma. Ann Surg 202 (3): 310-7, 1985.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Lautenbach E, Forde KA, Neugut AI: Benefits of colonoscopic surveillance after curative resection of colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 220 (2): 206-11, 1994.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Li Destri G, Di Cataldo A, Puleo S: Colorectal cancer follow-up: useful or useless? Surg Oncol 15 (1): 1-12, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Kang H, O'Connell JB, Leonardi MJ, et al.: Rare tumors of the colon and rectum: a national review. Int J Colorectal Dis 22 (2): 183-9, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Digestive System. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2000.[PUBMED Abstract]
aAJCCから許諾を得て転載:Colon and rectum.In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual.8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp 251-74.
aAJCCから許諾を得て転載:Colon and rectum.In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual.8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp 251-74.
aAJCCから許諾を得て転載:Colon and rectum.In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual.8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp 251-74.
aAJCCから許諾を得て転載:Colon and rectum.In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual.8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp 251-74.
aAJCCから許諾を得て転載:Colon and rectum.In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual.8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp 251-74.
Schmidt CR, Gollub MJ, Weiser MR: Contemporary imaging for colorectal cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 16 (2): 369-88, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Siddiqui AA, Fayiga Y, Huerta S: The role of endoscopic ultrasound in the evaluation of rectal cancer. Int Semin Surg Oncol 3: 36, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Søreide K: Molecular testing for microsatellite instability and DNA mismatch repair defects in hereditary and sporadic colorectal cancers--ready for prime time? Tumour Biol 28 (5): 290-300, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Zammit M, Jenkins JT, Urie A, et al.: A technically difficult endorectal ultrasound is more likely to be inaccurate. Colorectal Dis 7 (5): 486-91, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Libutti SK, Willett CG, Saltz LB: Cancer of the rectum. In: DeVita VT Jr, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA: Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, pp 1127-41.[PUBMED Abstract]
Goldstein MJ, Mitchell EP: Carcinoembryonic antigen in the staging and follow-up of patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Invest 23 (4): 338-51, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Das P, Skibber JM, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, et al.: Predictors of tumor response and downstaging in patients who receive preoperative chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Cancer 109 (9): 1750-5, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Lahaye MJ, Engelen SM, Nelemans PJ, et al.: Imaging for predicting the risk factors--the circumferential resection margin and nodal disease--of local recurrence in rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 26 (4): 259-68, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Balch GC, De Meo A, Guillem JG: Modern management of rectal cancer: a 2006 update. World J Gastroenterol 12 (20): 3186-95, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Compton CC, Greene FL: The staging of colorectal cancer: 2004 and beyond. CA Cancer J Clin 54 (6): 295-308, 2004 Nov-Dec.[PUBMED Abstract]
Jessup J, Benson A, Chen V: Colon and Rectum. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp 251–74.[PUBMED Abstract]
Nelson H, Petrelli N, Carlin A, et al.: Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery. J Natl Cancer Inst 93 (8): 583-96, 2001.[PUBMED Abstract]
Swanson RS, Compton CC, Stewart AK, et al.: The prognosis of T3N0 colon cancer is dependent on the number of lymph nodes examined. Ann Surg Oncol 10 (1): 65-71, 2003 Jan-Feb.[PUBMED Abstract]
Le Voyer TE, Sigurdson ER, Hanlon AL, et al.: Colon cancer survival is associated with increasing number of lymph nodes analyzed: a secondary survey of intergroup trial INT-0089. J Clin Oncol 21 (15): 2912-9, 2003.[PUBMED Abstract]
Prandi M, Lionetto R, Bini A, et al.: Prognostic evaluation of stage B colon cancer patients is improved by an adequate lymphadenectomy: results of a secondary analysis of a large scale adjuvant trial. Ann Surg 235 (4): 458-63, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
Tepper JE, O'Connell MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al.: Impact of number of nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 19 (1): 157-63, 2001.[PUBMED Abstract]
Greene FL, Stewart AK, Norton HJ: New tumor-node-metastasis staging strategy for node-positive (stage III) rectal cancer: an analysis. J Clin Oncol 22 (10): 1778-84, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
NSABP-R-02研究では、放射線療法の追加により5年局所再発率が有意に減少した(化学療法と放射線療法の併用で8% vs 化学療法単独で13%、P = 0.02)が、生存に関して有意な有益性は実証されなかった。60歳未満の患者および腹会陰式直腸切除術を施行した患者では、放射線療法によって生存率が改善したようであった。
ポーランドの研究では、長期コース術前化学放射線療法(50.4Gyを28分割で1日1回照射し、5-FU/LVを併用)と短期コース術前放射線療法(25Gyを5分割)に、316人の患者をランダムに割り付けた。[
37
]主要エンドポイントは括約筋温存であったが、2つの治療アプローチ間で晩期毒性に統計的有意差は認められなかった(長期コース7% vs 短期コース10%)。注目すべきこととして、肛門括約筋および性機能に関するデータは報告されず、毒性は患者の報告ではなく、医師が決定していた。
Seitz U, Bohnacker S, Seewald S, et al.: Is endoscopic polypectomy an adequate therapy for malignant colorectal adenomas? Presentation of 114 patients and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 47 (11): 1789-96; discussion 1796-7, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Enker WE, Thaler HT, Cranor ML, et al.: Total mesorectal excision in the operative treatment of carcinoma of the rectum. J Am Coll Surg 181 (4): 335-46, 1995.[PUBMED Abstract]
Zaheer S, Pemberton JH, Farouk R, et al.: Surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Ann Surg 227 (6): 800-11, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
Heald RJ, Smedh RK, Kald A, et al.: Abdominoperineal excision of the rectum--an endangered operation. Norman Nigro Lectureship. Dis Colon Rectum 40 (7): 747-51, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
Lopez-Kostner F, Lavery IC, Hool GR, et al.: Total mesorectal excision is not necessary for cancers of the upper rectum. Surgery 124 (4): 612-7; discussion 617-8, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gunderson LL, Sosin H: Areas of failure found at reoperation (second or symptomatic look) following "curative surgery" for adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Clinicopathologic correlation and implications for adjuvant therapy. Cancer 34 (4): 1278-92, 1974.[PUBMED Abstract]
Sauer R, Becker H, Hohenberger W, et al.: Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 351 (17): 1731-40, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Sauer R, Liersch T, Merkel S, et al.: Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: results of the German CAO/ARO/AIO-94 randomized phase III trial after a median follow-up of 11 years. J Clin Oncol 30 (16): 1926-33, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Roh MS, Colangelo LH, O'Connell MJ, et al.: Preoperative multimodality therapy improves disease-free survival in patients with carcinoma of the rectum: NSABP R-03. J Clin Oncol 27 (31): 5124-30, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
Janjan NA, Khoo VS, Abbruzzese J, et al.: Tumor downstaging and sphincter preservation with preoperative chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer: the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 44 (5): 1027-38, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
Crane CH, Skibber JM, Birnbaum EH, et al.: The addition of continuous infusion 5-FU to preoperative radiation therapy increases tumor response, leading to increased sphincter preservation in locally advanced rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 57 (1): 84-9, 2003.[PUBMED Abstract]
Grann A, Minsky BD, Cohen AM, et al.: Preliminary results of preoperative 5-fluorouracil, low-dose leucovorin, and concurrent radiation therapy for clinically resectable T3 rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 40 (5): 515-22, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
Rich TA, Skibber JM, Ajani JA, et al.: Preoperative infusional chemoradiation therapy for stage T3 rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 32 (4): 1025-9, 1995.[PUBMED Abstract]
Chari RS, Tyler DS, Anscher MS, et al.: Preoperative radiation and chemotherapy in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Ann Surg 221 (6): 778-86; discussion 786-7, 1995.[PUBMED Abstract]
Hyams DM, Mamounas EP, Petrelli N, et al.: A clinical trial to evaluate the worth of preoperative multimodality therapy in patients with operable carcinoma of the rectum: a progress report of National Surgical Breast and Bowel Project Protocol R-03. Dis Colon Rectum 40 (2): 131-9, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
Bosset JF, Magnin V, Maingon P, et al.: Preoperative radiochemotherapy in rectal cancer: long-term results of a phase II trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46 (2): 323-7, 2000.[PUBMED Abstract]
Hiotis SP, Weber SM, Cohen AM, et al.: Assessing the predictive value of clinical complete response to neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: an analysis of 488 patients. J Am Coll Surg 194 (2): 131-5; discussion 135-6, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
Lai LL, Fuller CD, Kachnic LA, et al.: Can pelvic radiotherapy be omitted in select patients with rectal cancer? Semin Oncol 33 (6 Suppl 11): S70-4, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Peeters KC, van de Velde CJ, Leer JW, et al.: Late side effects of short-course preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: increased bowel dysfunction in irradiated patients--a Dutch colorectal cancer group study. J Clin Oncol 23 (25): 6199-206, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Tepper JE, O'Connell M, Niedzwiecki D, et al.: Adjuvant therapy in rectal cancer: analysis of stage, sex, and local control--final report of intergroup 0114. J Clin Oncol 20 (7): 1744-50, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gunderson LL, Sargent DJ, Tepper JE, et al.: Impact of T and N stage and treatment on survival and relapse in adjuvant rectal cancer: a pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol 22 (10): 1785-96, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
O'Connell MJ, Martenson JA, Wieand HS, et al.: Improving adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer by combining protracted-infusion fluorouracil with radiation therapy after curative surgery. N Engl J Med 331 (8): 502-7, 1994.[PUBMED Abstract]
Smalley SR, Benedetti JK, Williamson SK, et al.: Phase III trial of fluorouracil-based chemotherapy regimens plus radiotherapy in postoperative adjuvant rectal cancer: GI INT 0144. J Clin Oncol 24 (22): 3542-7, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Fisher B, Wolmark N, Rockette H, et al.: Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy for rectal cancer: results from NSABP protocol R-01. J Natl Cancer Inst 80 (1): 21-9, 1988.[PUBMED Abstract]
Wolmark N, Wieand HS, Hyams DM, et al.: Randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy for carcinoma of the rectum: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol R-02. J Natl Cancer Inst 92 (5): 388-96, 2000.[PUBMED Abstract]
Wong RK, Tandan V, De Silva S, et al.: Pre-operative radiotherapy and curative surgery for the management of localized rectal carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD002102, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Randomised trial of surgery alone versus surgery followed by radiotherapy for mobile cancer of the rectum. Medical Research Council Rectal Cancer Working Party. Lancet 348 (9042): 1610-4, 1996.[PUBMED Abstract]
Initial report from a Swedish multicentre study examining the role of preoperative irradiation in the treatment of patients with resectable rectal carcinoma. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Br J Surg 80 (10): 1333-6, 1993.[PUBMED Abstract]
Dahlberg M, Glimelius B, Graf W, et al.: Preoperative irradiation affects functional results after surgery for rectal cancer: results from a randomized study. Dis Colon Rectum 41 (5): 543-9; discussion 549-51, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
Birgisson H, Påhlman L, Gunnarsson U, et al.: Adverse effects of preoperative radiation therapy for rectal cancer: long-term follow-up of the Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. J Clin Oncol 23 (34): 8697-705, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Marijnen CA, van de Velde CJ, Putter H, et al.: Impact of short-term preoperative radiotherapy on health-related quality of life and sexual functioning in primary rectal cancer: report of a multicenter randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 23 (9): 1847-58, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Bujko K, Nowacki MP, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, et al.: Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative short-course radiotherapy with preoperative conventionally fractionated chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 93 (10): 1215-23, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Kollmorgen CF, Meagher AP, Wolff BG, et al.: The long-term effect of adjuvant postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal carcinoma on bowel function. Ann Surg 220 (5): 676-82, 1994.[PUBMED Abstract]
Martling A, Holm T, Johansson H, et al.: The Stockholm II trial on preoperative radiotherapy in rectal carcinoma: long-term follow-up of a population-based study. Cancer 92 (4): 896-902, 2001.[PUBMED Abstract]
Dahlberg M, Glimelius B, Påhlman L: Improved survival and reduction in local failure rates after preoperative radiotherapy: evidence for the generalizability of the results of Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Ann Surg 229 (4): 493-7, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
Guerrero Urbano MT, Henrys AJ, Adams EJ, et al.: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer reduces volume of bowel treated to high dose levels. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65 (3): 907-16, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Koelbl O, Richter S, Flentje M: Influence of patient positioning on dose-volume histogram and normal tissue complication probability for small bowel and bladder in patients receiving pelvic irradiation: a prospective study using a 3D planning system and a radiobiological model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 45 (5): 1193-8, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gunderson LL, Russell AH, Llewellyn HJ, et al.: Treatment planning for colorectal cancer: radiation and surgical techniques and value of small-bowel films. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11 (7): 1379-93, 1985.[PUBMED Abstract]
Cancer and Leukemia Group Bの研究者は、歯状線から10cm以内に位置し、直径4cm以下で、直腸周囲の40%以下にしか及んでいないT1およびT2直腸腺がんを有する患者を、プロスペクティブ・プロトコル、CLB-8984に登録した。T1腫瘍の患者は手術後、追加の治療は受けなかった一方で、T2腫瘍の患者はEBRT(30回分割で54Gy、5日/週)および5-FU(放射線療法の1~2日目および29~31日目に500mg/m2)で治療された。[
4
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Bailey HR, Huval WV, Max E, et al.: Local excision of carcinoma of the rectum for cure. Surgery 111 (5): 555-61, 1992.[PUBMED Abstract]
Benson R, Wong CS, Cummings BJ, et al.: Local excision and postoperative radiotherapy for distal rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50 (5): 1309-16, 2001.[PUBMED Abstract]
Sitzler PJ, Seow-Choen F, Ho YH, et al.: Lymph node involvement and tumor depth in rectal cancers: an analysis of 805 patients. Dis Colon Rectum 40 (12): 1472-6, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
Steele GD, Herndon JE, Bleday R, et al.: Sphincter-sparing treatment for distal rectal adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 6 (5): 433-41, 1999 Jul-Aug.[PUBMED Abstract]
ドイツのRectal Cancer Study Group(CAO/ARO/AIO-94 [Working Group of Surgical Oncology/Working Group of Radiation Oncology/Working Group of Medical Oncology of the Germany Cancer Society])では、超音波による病期判定でT3またはT4あるいはリンパ節転移陽性の直腸がん患者823人を対象に、術前化学放射線療法または術後化学放射線療法(腫瘍および骨盤リンパ節に対して50.4Gyを28分割で1日1回照射するとともに、放射線療法の第1週と第5週の各5日間に持続点滴でフルオロウラシル[5-FU] 1,000mg/m2を投与)のいずれかにランダムに割り付けた。[
2
][証拠レベル:1iA]患者全員が直腸間膜全切除術を受け、5-FUをベースにした化学療法を追加で4サイクル受けた。
NSABP R-03(NCT00410579)試験でも、臨床病期がT3またはT4あるいはリンパ節転移陽性の直腸がん患者を対象に、術前 vs 術後化学放射線療法が同様に比較された。化学療法では5-FU/ロイコボリン(LV)が投与され、45Gyの25分割と5.4Gyのブースト照射が併用された。予定のサンプルサイズは患者900人であったが、登録者数が伸びなかったため、267人の患者で研究は早期に中止された。[
4
][証拠レベル:1iiA]
短期コース術前放射線療法とその後の手術と化学療法
短期コース術前放射線療法の使用は、欧州の一部およびオーストラリアで標準アプローチとなっている。
証拠(短期コース術前放射線療法):
Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial(NCT00337545)におけるランダム化研究では、短期コース放射線療法の使用が評価された。[
5
][証拠レベル:1iiA]この試験では、80歳未満のI期からIII期の切除可能な直腸腺がん患者1,168人が、術前放射線療法(25Gyを5分割で照射)群または即時手術施行群にランダムに割り付けられた。患者に対して補助化学療法は実施しなかった。
こうした研究により、外科的切除後に放射線療法と化学療法とを併用すれば、DFS期間およびOSとも増大することが実証された。これらの試験結果が1990年に発表された後、米国国立がん研究所後援のConsensus Development Conference(コンセンサス開発会議)で、専門家はII期およびIII期の直腸がん患者に対して術後の集学的治療法による治療を推奨した。[
12
]それ以降、術前化学放射線療法が標準治療となっているものの、術後化学放射線療法も依然として容認できる選択肢である。(詳しい情報については、本要約の術前化学放射線療法に関するセクションを参照のこと。)
結腸がん補助療法におけるオキサリプラチン/5-フルオロウラシル/LVの国際多施設ランダム化研究(MOSAIC:Multicenter International Study of Oxaliplatin/5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin in the Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer)において、FOLFOX4(LV 200mg/m2を2時間持続注入後、5-FU 400mg/m2をボーラス投与、続いて14日ごとに2日連続で5-FU 600mg/m2の22時間持続注入を12サイクル実施 + 1日目にLVと同時にオキサリプラチン85mg/m2を2時間持続注入)の毒性作用と効力が、オキサリプラチンを併用せず、6ヵ月間投与する同じ5-FU/LVレジメンと比較された。試験の各治療群の患者数は1,123人であった。[
30
]
37ヵ月追跡した研究の予備的結果から、FOLFOX4を支持する3年DFSの有意な改善が実証された(77.8% vs 72.9%;P = 0.01)。最初の報告時にOSにおける差は認められなかった。[
31
][証拠レベル:1iiDii]
6年経過時の追加の追跡で、研究に登録したすべての患者(II期およびIII期の両者)でOSに有意差は認められないことが示された(OS、FOLFOX4群で78.5% vs 5-FU/LV群で76.0%;HR、0.84;95%CI、0.71-1.00)。
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Valentini V, Coco C, Minsky BD, et al.: Randomized, multicenter, phase IIb study of preoperative chemoradiotherapy in T3 mid-distal rectal cancer: raltitrexed + oxaliplatin + radiotherapy versus cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil + radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70 (2): 403-12, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Guillem JG, Chessin DB, Cohen AM, et al.: Long-term oncologic outcome following preoperative combined modality therapy and total mesorectal excision of locally advanced rectal cancer. Ann Surg 241 (5): 829-36; discussion 836-8, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Rödel C, Martus P, Papadoupolos T, et al.: Prognostic significance of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 23 (34): 8688-96, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gérard JP, Azria D, Gourgou-Bourgade S, et al.: Comparison of two neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy regimens for locally advanced rectal cancer: results of the phase III trial ACCORD 12/0405-Prodige 2. J Clin Oncol 28 (10): 1638-44, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Rödel C, Liersch T, Becker H, et al.: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil and oxaliplatin versus fluorouracil alone in locally advanced rectal cancer: initial results of the German CAO/ARO/AIO-04 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 13 (7): 679-87, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Bolus, Infusional, or Capecitabine with Camptosar-Celecoxib(BICC-C[NCT00094965])試験では、未治療の転移性大腸がん患者においてイリノテカンをベースにしたいくつかの異なるレジメンが評価された:FOLFIRI、イリノテカン + ボーラス5-FU/LV(mIFL)、およびカペシタビン/イリノテカン(CAPIRI)。[
24
]この研究では430人の患者をランダムに割り付けたが、登録者数が伸びず早期に中止された。
直接のデータは不足しているものの、標準の実践ではNCCTG-N9741の結果を受けて、標準の第一選択レジメンとしてFOLFOXにベバシズマブが追加された。[
21
]その後、1件の第III相ランダム化研究において、未治療のIV期大腸がん患者1,401人が2X2要因デザインを用いてCAPOX vs FOLFOX4、続いてベバシズマブ vs プラセボにランダムに割り付けられた。PFSが主要エンドポイントであった。[
30
][証拠レベル:1iiDiii]
Panitumumab Randomized Trial in Combination With Chemotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer to Determine Efficacy(PRIME[NCT00364013])研究では、1,183人の患者を対象に、転移性大腸がんに対する第一選択治療として、FOLFOX4にパニツムマブを併用する群または併用しない群にランダムに割り付けた。この研究は、KRAS野生型腫瘍の患者とKRAS変異腫瘍の患者を別々に扱うため、サンプルサイズを拡大するよう修正された。[
42
][証拠レベル:1iiDiii]
同様に、KRAS変異について非選択の転移性直腸がん患者では、FOLFOX/ベバシズマブレジメンにパニツムマブを追加すると、FOLFOX/ベバシズマブのみのレジメンと比較して、PFS(11.4ヵ月 vs 10.0ヵ月;HR、1.27;95%CI、1.06-1.52)および毒性が悪化した。[
44
][証拠レベル:1iiDiii]
2014年に米国臨床腫瘍学会の会合でCancer and Leukemia Group BのIntergroup study 80405(NCT00265850)が発表された。この研究ではKRAS野生型のがんを有する未治療患者2,334人が化学療法(FOLFOXまたはFOLFIRI) + ベバシズマブまたは化学療法 + セツキシマブのいずれかにランダムに割り付けられた。OSが主要エンドポイントであった。[
47
][証拠レベル:1iiDiii]
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Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Lenz HJ, et al.: CALGB/SWOG 80405: Phase III trial of irinotecan/5-FU/leucovorin (FOLFIRI) or oxaliplatin/5-FU/leucovorin (mFOLFOX6) with bevacizumab (BV) or cetuximab (CET) for patients (pts) with KRAS wild-type (wt) untreated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum (MCRC). [Abstract] J Clin Oncol 32 (Suppl 5): A-LBA3, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
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