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Morak M, Attarbaschi A, Fischer S, et al.: Small sizes and indolent evolutionary dynamics challenge the potential role of P2RY8-CRLF2-harboring clones as main relapse-driving force in childhood ALL. Blood 120 (26): 5134-42, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Schwab CJ, Chilton L, Morrison H, et al.: Genes commonly deleted in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: association with cytogenetics and clinical features. Haematologica 98 (7): 1081-8, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Palmi C, Vendramini E, Silvestri D, et al.: Poor prognosis for P2RY8-CRLF2 fusion but not for CRLF2 over-expression in children with intermediate risk B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 26 (10): 2245-53, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Buitenkamp TD, Pieters R, Gallimore NE, et al.: Outcome in children with Down's syndrome and acute lymphoblastic leukemia: role of IKZF1 deletions and CRLF2 aberrations. Leukemia 26 (10): 2204-11, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Krentz S, Hof J, Mendioroz A, et al.: Prognostic value of genetic alterations in children with first bone marrow relapse of childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 27 (2): 295-304, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Feng J, Tang Y: Prognostic significance of IKZF1 alteration status in pediatric B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis. Leuk Lymphoma 54 (4): 889-91, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Dörge P, Meissner B, Zimmermann M, et al.: IKZF1 deletion is an independent predictor of outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated according to the ALL-BFM 2000 protocol. Haematologica 98 (3): 428-32, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Olsson L, Castor A, Behrendtz M, et al.: Deletions of IKZF1 and SPRED1 are associated with poor prognosis in a population-based series of pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed between 1992 and 2011. Leukemia 28 (2): 302-10, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Boer JM, van der Veer A, Rizopoulos D, et al.: Prognostic value of rare IKZF1 deletion in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an international collaborative study. Leukemia 30 (1): 32-8, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Tran TH, Harris MH, Nguyen JV, et al.: Prognostic impact of kinase-activating fusions and IKZF1 deletions in pediatric high-risk B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Adv 2 (5): 529-533, 2018.[PUBMED Abstract]
Vrooman LM, Blonquist TM, Harris MH, et al.: Refining risk classification in childhood B acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of DFCI ALL Consortium Protocol 05-001. Blood Adv 2 (12): 1449-1458, 2018.[PUBMED Abstract]
van der Veer A, Zaliova M, Mottadelli F, et al.: IKZF1 status as a prognostic feature in BCR-ABL1-positive childhood ALL. Blood 123 (11): 1691-8, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Stanulla M, Dagdan E, Zaliova M, et al.: IKZF1plus Defines a New Minimal Residual Disease-Dependent Very-Poor Prognostic Profile in Pediatric B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 36 (12): 1240-1249, 2018.[PUBMED Abstract]
Yeoh AEJ, Lu Y, Chin WHN, et al.: Intensifying Treatment of Childhood B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia With IKZF1 Deletion Reduces Relapse and Improves Overall Survival: Results of Malaysia-Singapore ALL 2010 Study. J Clin Oncol 36 (26): 2726-2735, 2018.[PUBMED Abstract]
Liu Y, Easton J, Shao Y, et al.: The genomic landscape of pediatric and young adult T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Genet 49 (8): 1211-1218, 2017.[PUBMED Abstract]
Armstrong SA, Look AT: Molecular genetics of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 23 (26): 6306-15, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Karrman K, Forestier E, Heyman M, et al.: Clinical and cytogenetic features of a population-based consecutive series of 285 pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias: rare T-cell receptor gene rearrangements are associated with poor outcome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 48 (9): 795-805, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
Weng AP, Ferrando AA, Lee W, et al.: Activating mutations of NOTCH1 in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Science 306 (5694): 269-71, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gallo Llorente L, Luther H, Schneppenheim R, et al.: Identification of novel NOTCH1 mutations: increasing our knowledge of the NOTCH signaling pathway. Pediatr Blood Cancer 61 (5): 788-96, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Petit A, Trinquand A, Chevret S, et al.: Oncogenetic mutations combined with MRD improve outcome prediction in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 131 (3): 289-300, 2018.[PUBMED Abstract]
Trinquand A, Tanguy-Schmidt A, Ben Abdelali R, et al.: Toward a NOTCH1/FBXW7/RAS/PTEN-based oncogenetic risk classification of adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Group for Research in Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia study. J Clin Oncol 31 (34): 4333-42, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Paganin M, Grillo MF, Silvestri D, et al.: The presence of mutated and deleted PTEN is associated with an increased risk of relapse in childhood T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated with AIEOP-BFM ALL protocols. Br J Haematol 182 (5): 705-711, 2018.[PUBMED Abstract]
Bergeron J, Clappier E, Radford I, et al.: Prognostic and oncogenic relevance of TLX1/HOX11 expression level in T-ALLs. Blood 110 (7): 2324-30, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
van Grotel M, Meijerink JP, Beverloo HB, et al.: The outcome of molecular-cytogenetic subgroups in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective study of patients treated according to DCOG or COALL protocols. Haematologica 91 (9): 1212-21, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Cavé H, Suciu S, Preudhomme C, et al.: Clinical significance of HOX11L2 expression linked to t(5;14)(q35;q32), of HOX11 expression, and of SIL-TAL fusion in childhood T-cell malignancies: results of EORTC studies 58881 and 58951. Blood 103 (2): 442-50, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Baak U, Gökbuget N, Orawa H, et al.: Thymic adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia stratified in standard- and high-risk group by aberrant HOX11L2 expression: experience of the German multicenter ALL study group. Leukemia 22 (6): 1154-60, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
Ferrando AA, Neuberg DS, Dodge RK, et al.: Prognostic importance of TLX1 (HOX11) oncogene expression in adults with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet 363 (9408): 535-6, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Mansour MR, Abraham BJ, Anders L, et al.: Oncogene regulation. An oncogenic super-enhancer formed through somatic mutation of a noncoding intergenic element. Science 346 (6215): 1373-7, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Burmeister T, Gökbuget N, Reinhardt R, et al.: NUP214-ABL1 in adult T-ALL: the GMALL study group experience. Blood 108 (10): 3556-9, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Graux C, Stevens-Kroef M, Lafage M, et al.: Heterogeneous patterns of amplification of the NUP214-ABL1 fusion gene in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 23 (1): 125-33, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
Hagemeijer A, Graux C: ABL1 rearrangements in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 49 (4): 299-308, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Quintás-Cardama A, Tong W, Manshouri T, et al.: Activity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors against human NUP214-ABL1-positive T cell malignancies. Leukemia 22 (6): 1117-24, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
Clarke S, O'Reilly J, Romeo G, et al.: NUP214-ABL1 positive T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient shows an initial favorable response to imatinib therapy post relapse. Leuk Res 35 (7): e131-3, 2011.[PUBMED Abstract]
Deenik W, Beverloo HB, van der Poel-van de Luytgaarde SC, et al.: Rapid complete cytogenetic remission after upfront dasatinib monotherapy in a patient with a NUP214-ABL1-positive T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 23 (3): 627-9, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
Crombet O, Lastrapes K, Zieske A, et al.: Complete morphologic and molecular remission after introduction of dasatinib in the treatment of a pediatric patient with t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and ABL1 amplification. Pediatr Blood Cancer 59 (2): 333-4, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Seki M, Kimura S, Isobe T, et al.: Recurrent SPI1 (PU.1) fusions in high-risk pediatric T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Genet 49 (8): 1274-1281, 2017.[PUBMED Abstract]
Zhang J, Ding L, Holmfeldt L, et al.: The genetic basis of early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nature 481 (7380): 157-63, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gutierrez A, Dahlberg SE, Neuberg DS, et al.: Absence of biallelic TCRgamma deletion predicts early treatment failure in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 28 (24): 3816-23, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Yang YL, Hsiao CC, Chen HY, et al.: Absence of biallelic TCRγ deletion predicts induction failure and poorer outcomes in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 58 (6): 846-51, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Davies SM, Bhatia S, Ross JA, et al.: Glutathione S-transferase genotypes, genetic susceptibility, and outcome of therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 100 (1): 67-71, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
Krajinovic M, Costea I, Chiasson S: Polymorphism of the thymidylate synthase gene and outcome of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet 359 (9311): 1033-4, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
Krajinovic M, Lemieux-Blanchard E, Chiasson S, et al.: Role of polymorphisms in MTHFR and MTHFD1 genes in the outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pharmacogenomics J 4 (1): 66-72, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Schmiegelow K, Forestier E, Kristinsson J, et al.: Thiopurine methyltransferase activity is related to the risk of relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from the NOPHO ALL-92 study. Leukemia 23 (3): 557-64, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
Relling MV, Hancock ML, Boyett JM, et al.: Prognostic importance of 6-mercaptopurine dose intensity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 93 (9): 2817-23, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
Stanulla M, Schaeffeler E, Flohr T, et al.: Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) genotype and early treatment response to mercaptopurine in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JAMA 293 (12): 1485-9, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Yang JJ, Landier W, Yang W, et al.: Inherited NUDT15 variant is a genetic determinant of mercaptopurine intolerance in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 33 (11): 1235-42, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Relling MV, Hancock ML, Rivera GK, et al.: Mercaptopurine therapy intolerance and heterozygosity at the thiopurine S-methyltransferase gene locus. J Natl Cancer Inst 91 (23): 2001-8, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
Moriyama T, Nishii R, Perez-Andreu V, et al.: NUDT15 polymorphisms alter thiopurine metabolism and hematopoietic toxicity. Nat Genet 48 (4): 367-73, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Tanaka Y, Kato M, Hasegawa D, et al.: Susceptibility to 6-MP toxicity conferred by a NUDT15 variant in Japanese children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 171 (1): 109-15, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Diouf B, Crews KR, Lew G, et al.: Association of an inherited genetic variant with vincristine-related peripheral neuropathy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JAMA 313 (8): 815-23, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Yang JJ, Cheng C, Yang W, et al.: Genome-wide interrogation of germline genetic variation associated with treatment response in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JAMA 301 (4): 393-403, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gregers J, Christensen IJ, Dalhoff K, et al.: The association of reduced folate carrier 80G>A polymorphism to outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia interacts with chromosome 21 copy number. Blood 115 (23): 4671-7, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Radtke S, Zolk O, Renner B, et al.: Germline genetic variations in methotrexate candidate genes are associated with pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 121 (26): 5145-53, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
初期のALL試験では、診断時の精巣浸潤は不良な予後因子であった。しかしながら、より積極的な初期治療を行った場合、診断時の精巣浸潤に予後的意義はないと考えられる。[
55
][
56
]例えば、European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC [EORTC-58881])では、診断時の顕性の精巣浸潤に不良な予後的意義はないことを報告している。[
56
]
精巣浸潤に対する放射線療法の役割は不明である。St. Jude Children's Research Hospital(SJCRH)の研究は、放射線を用いない積極的な従来の化学療法により良好な転帰が達成可能であることを示唆している。[
55
]COGも精巣病変を認める男児に対してこの戦略を採用し、精巣病変は導入療法を終えるまでに完全に消失する。COGは、他に呈する特徴とは無関係に精巣病変を認める患者を高リスクとみなしているが、他の米国および欧州の大規模な臨床試験グループのほとんどが精巣病変を高リスクの特徴としてみなしていない。
2004年から2014年の間にCOG臨床試験に登録された患者9,350人の研究では、形態学(M1 vs M2/M3)およびフローサイトメトリーで評価したMRD状態(5%未満 vs 5%以上)で分類された患者の特徴と転帰が比較された。形態学的寛解(M1状態)は寛解導入療法終了時にB-ALL患者の98.6%およびT-ALL患者の93.8%で達成された。[
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Vora A, Goulden N, Mitchell C, et al.: Augmented post-remission therapy for a minimal residual disease-defined high-risk subgroup of children and young people with clinical standard-risk and intermediate-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (UKALL 2003): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 15 (8): 809-18, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Pieters R, de Groot-Kruseman H, Van der Velden V, et al.: Successful Therapy Reduction and Intensification for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Based on Minimal Residual Disease Monitoring: Study ALL10 From the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 34 (22): 2591-601, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gaynon PS, Desai AA, Bostrom BC, et al.: Early response to therapy and outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a review. Cancer 80 (9): 1717-26, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
Borowitz MJ, Wood BL, Devidas M, et al.: Assessment of end induction minimal residual disease (MRD) in childhood B precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to eliminate the need for day 14 marrow examination: A Children's Oncology Group study. [Abstract] J Clin Oncol 31 (Suppl 15): A-10001, 2013. Also available online. Last accessed March 16, 2020.[PUBMED Abstract]
Möricke A, Reiter A, Zimmermann M, et al.: Risk-adjusted therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia can decrease treatment burden and improve survival: treatment results of 2169 unselected pediatric and adolescent patients enrolled in the trial ALL-BFM 95. Blood 111 (9): 4477-89, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
Griffin TC, Shuster JJ, Buchanan GR, et al.: Slow disappearance of peripheral blood blasts is an adverse prognostic factor in childhood T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Leukemia 14 (5): 792-5, 2000.[PUBMED Abstract]
Volejnikova J, Mejstrikova E, Valova T, et al.: Minimal residual disease in peripheral blood at day 15 identifies a subgroup of childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with superior prognosis. Haematologica 96 (12): 1815-21, 2011.[PUBMED Abstract]
Schrappe M, Hunger SP, Pui CH, et al.: Outcomes after induction failure in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 366 (15): 1371-81, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Möricke A, Zimmermann M, Valsecchi MG, et al.: Dexamethasone vs prednisone in induction treatment of pediatric ALL: results of the randomized trial AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000. Blood 127 (17): 2101-12, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
O'Connor D, Moorman AV, Wade R, et al.: Use of Minimal Residual Disease Assessment to Redefine Induction Failure in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 35 (6): 660-667, 2017.[PUBMED Abstract]
Silverman LB, Gelber RD, Young ML, et al.: Induction failure in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood. Cancer 85 (6): 1395-404, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
Oudot C, Auclerc MF, Levy V, et al.: Prognostic factors for leukemic induction failure in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and outcome after salvage therapy: the FRALLE 93 study. J Clin Oncol 26 (9): 1496-503, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
Schwab C, Ryan SL, Chilton L, et al.: EBF1-PDGFRB fusion in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL): genetic profile and clinical implications. Blood 127 (18): 2214-8, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gupta S, Devidas M, Loh ML, et al.: Flow-cytometric vs. -morphologic assessment of remission in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group (COG). Leukemia 32 (6): 1370-1379, 2018.[PUBMED Abstract]
Moghrabi A, Levy DE, Asselin B, et al.: Results of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 95-01 for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 109 (3): 896-904, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Veerman AJ, Kamps WA, van den Berg H, et al.: Dexamethasone-based therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: results of the prospective Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG) protocol ALL-9 (1997-2004). Lancet Oncol 10 (10): 957-66, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
Kosaka Y, Koh K, Kinukawa N, et al.: Infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia with MLL gene rearrangements: outcome following intensive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 104 (12): 3527-34, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Balduzzi A, Valsecchi MG, Uderzo C, et al.: Chemotherapy versus allogeneic transplantation for very-high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in first complete remission: comparison by genetic randomisation in an international prospective study. Lancet 366 (9486): 635-42, 2005 Aug 20-26.[PUBMED Abstract]
Schrauder A, Reiter A, Gadner H, et al.: Superiority of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation compared with chemotherapy alone in high-risk childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from ALL-BFM 90 and 95. J Clin Oncol 24 (36): 5742-9, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Ribera JM, Ortega JJ, Oriol A, et al.: Comparison of intensive chemotherapy, allogeneic, or autologous stem-cell transplantation as postremission treatment for children with very high risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: PETHEMA ALL-93 Trial. J Clin Oncol 25 (1): 16-24, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Corrigan JJ, Feig SA; American Academy of Pediatrics: Guidelines for pediatric cancer centers. Pediatrics 113 (6): 1833-5, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Rubnitz JE, Lensing S, Zhou Y, et al.: Death during induction therapy and first remission of acute leukemia in childhood: the St. Jude experience. Cancer 101 (7): 1677-84, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Christensen MS, Heyman M, Möttönen M, et al.: Treatment-related death in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the Nordic countries: 1992-2001. Br J Haematol 131 (1): 50-8, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Vrooman LM, Stevenson KE, Supko JG, et al.: Postinduction dexamethasone and individualized dosing of Escherichia Coli L-asparaginase each improve outcome of children and adolescents with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from a randomized study--Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 00-01. J Clin Oncol 31 (9): 1202-10, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Lund B, Åsberg A, Heyman M, et al.: Risk factors for treatment related mortality in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 56 (4): 551-9, 2011.[PUBMED Abstract]
Hijiya N, Liu W, Sandlund JT, et al.: Overt testicular disease at diagnosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: lack of therapeutic role of local irradiation. Leukemia 19 (8): 1399-403, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Sirvent N, Suciu S, Bertrand Y, et al.: Overt testicular disease (OTD) at diagnosis is not associated with a poor prognosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the EORTC CLG Study 58881. Pediatr Blood Cancer 49 (3): 344-8, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Children's Cancer Groupは、アントラサイクリン系薬剤を含まない3剤併用の寛解導入療法を受けている標準リスクのB-ALL患者を対象にデキサメタゾンとプレドニゾンを比較するランダム化試験を実施した。[
6
]
標準リスクおよび高リスクのいずれの患者も含まれていた別のランダム化試験がUnited Kingdom Medical Research Councilによって実施された。[
7
]
Associazione Italiana di Ematologia e Oncologia Pediatrica(AIEOP)のALL-BFM-2000(NCT00430118)試験では、7日間のプレドニゾン前治療に続く多剤併用寛解導入療法(すべての患者でアントラサイクリン系薬剤が含まれた)中にデキサメタゾン(10mg/m2/日)またはプレドニゾン(60mg/m2/日)のいずれかを受ける群に3,720人の患者がランダムに割り付けられた。[
9
]
すべてのグループが、維持化学療法前に中枢神経系(CNS)向けの治療を実施している。維持療法中に継続して髄腔内化学療法を行うプロトコル(小児腫瘍学グループ[COG]、St. Jude Children's Research Hospital [SJCRH]、およびDana-Farber Cancer Institute[DFCI])もあれば、行わないプロトコル(ベルリン-フランクフルト-ミュンスター[BFM])もある。(寛解導入後療法を受けている急性リンパ芽球性白血病[ALL]患児におけるCNS再燃を予防するCNS療法に関する具体的な情報については、本要約の小児ALLに対するCNSに向けた治療のセクションを参照のこと。)
標準リスクのALLを対象とした旧Children's Cancer Group(CCG)の研究(CCG-1991/COG-1991)では、3剤併用の導入療法期にデキサメタゾンを用い、2回目の遅延強化療法相の利用を検証した。この研究では、2回の中間維持相に投与する経口メトトレキサートを含む標準的な維持併用療法に対して、ビンクリスチンと併用した漸増用量の静注(IV)メトトレキサート(ロイコボリン救援を伴わない)も比較された。[
53
][証拠レベル:1iiDi]
Associazione Italiana di Ematologia e Oncologia Pediatrica(AIEOP)ALL-BFM-2000(NCT00430118)試験で、標準リスクの患者(33日目および78日目でMRDが検出されず、高リスクの細胞遺伝学的所見がみられない患者と定義)が標準強度または強度縮小(デキサメタゾン、ビンクリスチン、ドキソルビシン、シクロホスファミドの投与期間を短縮して総投与量を減量)のいずれかの単回遅延強化相による治療を受ける群にランダムに割り付けられた。[
66
]
CCG-1961研究では、初期反応が早期に認められたNCI高リスク患者を対象に、2×2要因デザインを用いて、標準強化療法 vs 増強強化療法の比較に加え、標準治療期間(中間維持相および遅延強化相を1回) vs 延長治療期間(中間維持相および遅延強化相を2回)についても比較した。この試験では、遅延強化相におけるデキサメタゾンの連日投与と隔週投与で、骨壊死の発生率に影響がみられるかどうかについても検証が行われた。
過去における臨床診療では、メルカプトプリンの経口投与を夕方行うよう広く求められたが、その根拠は、これを実践することでEFSが改善する可能性があるという過去の研究からの証拠であった。[
84
]しかしながら、Nordic Society for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology(NOPHO)グループが実施した研究では、経口摂取の詳細がプロスペクティブに収集され、メルカプトプリンの投与時間(夕方 vs 他の時間)は予後的に重要ではなかった。[
85
]COG研究によると、常に夕方ではなく、1日のさまざまな時間にメルカプトプリンを投与すると、非遵守の割合が高いという関連がみられた;しかしながら、遵守患者(すなわち、処方された用量の摂取量が95%を超える患者)で、メルカプトプリンの摂取時間と再燃リスクの間に関連は認められなかった。[
86
]
Möricke A, Zimmermann M, Reiter A, et al.: Long-term results of five consecutive trials in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia performed by the ALL-BFM study group from 1981 to 2000. Leukemia 24 (2): 265-84, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Pui CH, Pei D, Sandlund JT, et al.: Long-term results of St Jude Total Therapy Studies 11, 12, 13A, 13B, and 14 for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 24 (2): 371-82, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Silverman LB, Stevenson KE, O'Brien JE, et al.: Long-term results of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium protocols for children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1985-2000). Leukemia 24 (2): 320-34, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Oudot C, Auclerc MF, Levy V, et al.: Prognostic factors for leukemic induction failure in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and outcome after salvage therapy: the FRALLE 93 study. J Clin Oncol 26 (9): 1496-503, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
Salzer WL, Devidas M, Carroll WL, et al.: Long-term results of the pediatric oncology group studies for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia 1984-2001: a report from the children's oncology group. Leukemia 24 (2): 355-70, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Bostrom BC, Sensel MR, Sather HN, et al.: Dexamethasone versus prednisone and daily oral versus weekly intravenous mercaptopurine for patients with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Blood 101 (10): 3809-17, 2003.[PUBMED Abstract]
Mitchell CD, Richards SM, Kinsey SE, et al.: Benefit of dexamethasone compared with prednisolone for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: results of the UK Medical Research Council ALL97 randomized trial. Br J Haematol 129 (6): 734-45, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Larsen EC, Devidas M, Chen S, et al.: Dexamethasone and High-Dose Methotrexate Improve Outcome for Children and Young Adults With High-Risk B-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report From Children's Oncology Group Study AALL0232. J Clin Oncol 34 (20): 2380-8, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Möricke A, Zimmermann M, Valsecchi MG, et al.: Dexamethasone vs prednisone in induction treatment of pediatric ALL: results of the randomized trial AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000. Blood 127 (17): 2101-12, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
McNeer JL, Nachman JB: The optimal use of steroids in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: no easy answers. Br J Haematol 149 (5): 638-52, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Silverman LB, Supko JG, Stevenson KE, et al.: Intravenous PEG-asparaginase during remission induction in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 115 (7): 1351-3, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Rizzari C, Citterio M, Zucchetti M, et al.: A pharmacological study on pegylated asparaginase used in front-line treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 91 (1): 24-31, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Place AE, Stevenson KE, Vrooman LM, et al.: Intravenous pegylated asparaginase versus intramuscular native Escherichia coli L-asparaginase in newly diagnosed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (DFCI 05-001): a randomised, open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 16 (16): 1677-90, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Asselin BL, Whitin JC, Coppola DJ, et al.: Comparative pharmacokinetic studies of three asparaginase preparations. J Clin Oncol 11 (9): 1780-6, 1993.[PUBMED Abstract]
Avramis VI, Sencer S, Periclou AP, et al.: A randomized comparison of native Escherichia coli asparaginase and polyethylene glycol conjugated asparaginase for treatment of children with newly diagnosed standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Cancer Group study. Blood 99 (6): 1986-94, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
Tram Henriksen L, Gottschalk Højfeldt S, Schmiegelow K, et al.: Prolonged first-line PEG-asparaginase treatment in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the NOPHO ALL2008 protocol-Pharmacokinetics and antibody formation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 64 (12): , 2017.[PUBMED Abstract]
Jeha S, Pei D, Choi J, et al.: Improved CNS Control of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Without Cranial Irradiation: St Jude Total Therapy Study 16. J Clin Oncol 37 (35): 3377-3391, 2019.[PUBMED Abstract]
van der Sluis IM, Vrooman LM, Pieters R, et al.: Consensus expert recommendations for identification and management of asparaginase hypersensitivity and silent inactivation. Haematologica 101 (3): 279-85, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Bleyer A, Asselin BL, Koontz SE, et al.: Clinical application of asparaginase activity levels following treatment with pegaspargase. Pediatr Blood Cancer 62 (6): 1102-5, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Tong WH, Pieters R, Kaspers GJ, et al.: A prospective study on drug monitoring of PEGasparaginase and Erwinia asparaginase and asparaginase antibodies in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 123 (13): 2026-33, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Vrooman LM, Stevenson KE, Supko JG, et al.: Postinduction dexamethasone and individualized dosing of Escherichia Coli L-asparaginase each improve outcome of children and adolescents with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from a randomized study--Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 00-01. J Clin Oncol 31 (9): 1202-10, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Li RJ, Jin R, Liu C, et al.: FDA Approval Summary: Calaspargase Pegol-mknl For Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children and Young Adults. Clin Cancer Res 26 (2): 328-331, 2020.[PUBMED Abstract]
Angiolillo AL, Schore RJ, Devidas M, et al.: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of calaspargase pegol Escherichia coli L-asparaginase in the treatment of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from Children's Oncology Group Study AALL07P4. J Clin Oncol 32 (34): 3874-82, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Vrooman LM, Blonquist TM, Supko JG, et al.: Efficacy and toxicity of pegaspargase and calaspargase pegol in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma: results of DFCI 11-001. [Abstract] J Clin Oncol 37 (Suppl 15): A-10006, 2019. Also available online. Last accessed March 16, 2020.[PUBMED Abstract]
Salzer WL, Asselin B, Supko JG, et al.: Erwinia asparaginase achieves therapeutic activity after pegaspargase allergy: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Blood 122 (4): 507-14, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Vrooman LM, Kirov II, Dreyer ZE, et al.: Activity and Toxicity of Intravenous Erwinia Asparaginase Following Allergy to E. coli-Derived Asparaginase in Children and Adolescents With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 63 (2): 228-33, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Escherich G, Zimmermann M, Janka-Schaub G, et al.: Doxorubicin or daunorubicin given upfront in a therapeutic window are equally effective in children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A randomized comparison in trial CoALL 07-03. Pediatr Blood Cancer 60 (2): 254-7, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Pui CH, Sandlund JT, Pei D, et al.: Improved outcome for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of Total Therapy Study XIIIB at St Jude Children's Research Hospital. Blood 104 (9): 2690-6, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Schrappe M, Reiter A, Ludwig WD, et al.: Improved outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia despite reduced use of anthracyclines and cranial radiotherapy: results of trial ALL-BFM 90. German-Austrian-Swiss ALL-BFM Study Group. Blood 95 (11): 3310-22, 2000.[PUBMED Abstract]
Moghrabi A, Levy DE, Asselin B, et al.: Results of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 95-01 for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 109 (3): 896-904, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Prucker C, Attarbaschi A, Peters C, et al.: Induction death and treatment-related mortality in first remission of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a population-based analysis of the Austrian Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster study group. Leukemia 23 (7): 1264-9, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
Balduzzi A, Valsecchi MG, Uderzo C, et al.: Chemotherapy versus allogeneic transplantation for very-high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in first complete remission: comparison by genetic randomisation in an international prospective study. Lancet 366 (9486): 635-42, 2005 Aug 20-26.[PUBMED Abstract]
Silverman LB, Gelber RD, Young ML, et al.: Induction failure in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood. Cancer 85 (6): 1395-404, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
Schrappe M, Hunger SP, Pui CH, et al.: Outcomes after induction failure in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 366 (15): 1371-81, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gaynon PS, Desai AA, Bostrom BC, et al.: Early response to therapy and outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a review. Cancer 80 (9): 1717-26, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
Borowitz MJ, Devidas M, Hunger SP, et al.: Clinical significance of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its relationship to other prognostic factors: a Children's Oncology Group study. Blood 111 (12): 5477-85, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
Borowitz MJ, Wood BL, Devidas M, et al.: Prognostic significance of minimal residual disease in high risk B-ALL: a report from Children's Oncology Group study AALL0232. Blood 126 (8): 964-71, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
van Dongen JJ, Seriu T, Panzer-Grümayer ER, et al.: Prognostic value of minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood. Lancet 352 (9142): 1731-8, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
Zhou J, Goldwasser MA, Li A, et al.: Quantitative analysis of minimal residual disease predicts relapse in children with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia in DFCI ALL Consortium Protocol 95-01. Blood 110 (5): 1607-11, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Conter V, Bartram CR, Valsecchi MG, et al.: Molecular response to treatment redefines all prognostic factors in children and adolescents with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results in 3184 patients of the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 study. Blood 115 (16): 3206-14, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Wood B, Wu D, Crossley B, et al.: Measurable residual disease detection by high-throughput sequencing improves risk stratification for pediatric B-ALL. Blood 131 (12): 1350-1359, 2018.[PUBMED Abstract]
Vora A, Goulden N, Mitchell C, et al.: Augmented post-remission therapy for a minimal residual disease-defined high-risk subgroup of children and young people with clinical standard-risk and intermediate-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (UKALL 2003): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 15 (8): 809-18, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Coustan-Smith E, Sancho J, Behm FG, et al.: Prognostic importance of measuring early clearance of leukemic cells by flow cytometry in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 100 (1): 52-8, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
Basso G, Veltroni M, Valsecchi MG, et al.: Risk of relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is predicted by flow cytometric measurement of residual disease on day 15 bone marrow. J Clin Oncol 27 (31): 5168-74, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
Schrappe M, Valsecchi MG, Bartram CR, et al.: Late MRD response determines relapse risk overall and in subsets of childhood T-cell ALL: results of the AIEOP-BFM-ALL 2000 study. Blood 118 (8): 2077-84, 2011.[PUBMED Abstract]
Karsa M, Dalla Pozza L, Venn NC, et al.: Improving the identification of high risk precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients with earlier quantification of minimal residual disease. PLoS One 8 (10): e76455, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Nachman JB, Sather HN, Sensel MG, et al.: Augmented post-induction therapy for children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a slow response to initial therapy. N Engl J Med 338 (23): 1663-71, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
Seibel NL, Steinherz PG, Sather HN, et al.: Early postinduction intensification therapy improves survival for children and adolescents with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Blood 111 (5): 2548-55, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
Pui CH, Campana D, Pei D, et al.: Treating childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia without cranial irradiation. N Engl J Med 360 (26): 2730-41, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
Veerman AJ, Hählen K, Kamps WA, et al.: High cure rate with a moderately intensive treatment regimen in non-high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Results of protocol ALL VI from the Dutch Childhood Leukemia Study Group. J Clin Oncol 14 (3): 911-8, 1996.[PUBMED Abstract]
Chauvenet AR, Martin PL, Devidas M, et al.: Antimetabolite therapy for lesser-risk B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood: a report from Children's Oncology Group Study P9201. Blood 110 (4): 1105-11, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gustafsson G, Kreuger A, Clausen N, et al.: Intensified treatment of acute childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia has improved prognosis, especially in non-high-risk patients: the Nordic experience of 2648 patients diagnosed between 1981 and 1996. Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (NOPHO) Acta Paediatr 87 (11): 1151-61, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
Matloub Y, Bostrom BC, Hunger SP, et al.: Escalating intravenous methotrexate improves event-free survival in children with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Blood 118 (2): 243-51, 2011.[PUBMED Abstract]
Mahoney DH, Shuster JJ, Nitschke R, et al.: Intensification with intermediate-dose intravenous methotrexate is effective therapy for children with lower-risk B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 18 (6): 1285-94, 2000.[PUBMED Abstract]
Veerman AJ, Kamps WA, van den Berg H, et al.: Dexamethasone-based therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: results of the prospective Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG) protocol ALL-9 (1997-2004). Lancet Oncol 10 (10): 957-66, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
Silverman LB, Gelber RD, Dalton VK, et al.: Improved outcome for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of Dana-Farber Consortium Protocol 91-01. Blood 97 (5): 1211-8, 2001.[PUBMED Abstract]
Pession A, Valsecchi MG, Masera G, et al.: Long-term results of a randomized trial on extended use of high dose L-asparaginase for standard risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 23 (28): 7161-7, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Coustan-Smith E, Sancho J, Hancock ML, et al.: Use of peripheral blood instead of bone marrow to monitor residual disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 100 (7): 2399-402, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
Stow P, Key L, Chen X, et al.: Clinical significance of low levels of minimal residual disease at the end of remission induction therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 115 (23): 4657-63, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gaynon PS, Angiolillo AL, Carroll WL, et al.: Long-term results of the children's cancer group studies for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia 1983-2002: a Children's Oncology Group Report. Leukemia 24 (2): 285-97, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Riehm H, Gadner H, Henze G, et al.: Results and significance of six randomized trials in four consecutive ALL-BFM studies. Hamatol Bluttransfus 33: 439-50, 1990.[PUBMED Abstract]
Hutchinson RJ, Gaynon PS, Sather H, et al.: Intensification of therapy for children with lower-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: long-term follow-up of patients treated on Children's Cancer Group Trial 1881. J Clin Oncol 21 (9): 1790-7, 2003.[PUBMED Abstract]
Möricke A, Reiter A, Zimmermann M, et al.: Risk-adjusted therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia can decrease treatment burden and improve survival: treatment results of 2169 unselected pediatric and adolescent patients enrolled in the trial ALL-BFM 95. Blood 111 (9): 4477-89, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
Maloney KW, Devidas M, Wang C, et al.: Outcome in Children With Standard-Risk B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Results of Children's Oncology Group Trial AALL0331. J Clin Oncol 38 (6): 602-612, 2020.[PUBMED Abstract]
Vora A, Goulden N, Wade R, et al.: Treatment reduction for children and young adults with low-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia defined by minimal residual disease (UKALL 2003): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 14 (3): 199-209, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Schrappe M, Bleckmann K, Zimmermann M, et al.: Reduced-Intensity Delayed Intensification in Standard-Risk Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Defined by Undetectable Minimal Residual Disease: Results of an International Randomized Trial (AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000). J Clin Oncol 36 (3): 244-253, 2018.[PUBMED Abstract]
Pui CH, Mahmoud HH, Rivera GK, et al.: Early intensification of intrathecal chemotherapy virtually eliminates central nervous system relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 92 (2): 411-5, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
Mattano LA, Sather HN, Trigg ME, et al.: Osteonecrosis as a complication of treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 18 (18): 3262-72, 2000.[PUBMED Abstract]
Aricò M, Valsecchi MG, Conter V, et al.: Improved outcome in high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia defined by prednisone-poor response treated with double Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster protocol II. Blood 100 (2): 420-6, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
Steinherz PG, Seibel NL, Sather H, et al.: Treatment of higher risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia in young people (CCG-1961), long-term follow-up: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Leukemia 33 (9): 2144-2154, 2019.[PUBMED Abstract]
Mattano LA, Devidas M, Nachman JB, et al.: Effect of alternate-week versus continuous dexamethasone scheduling on the risk of osteonecrosis in paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: results from the CCG-1961 randomised cohort trial. Lancet Oncol 13 (9): 906-15, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Lipshultz SE, Scully RE, Lipsitz SR, et al.: Assessment of dexrazoxane as a cardioprotectant in doxorubicin-treated children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: long-term follow-up of a prospective, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet Oncol 11 (10): 950-61, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Barry EV, Vrooman LM, Dahlberg SE, et al.: Absence of secondary malignant neoplasms in children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with dexrazoxane. J Clin Oncol 26 (7): 1106-11, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
Asselin BL, Devidas M, Chen L, et al.: Cardioprotection and Safety of Dexrazoxane in Patients Treated for Newly Diagnosed T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia or Advanced-Stage Lymphoblastic Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Report of the Children's Oncology Group Randomized Trial Pediatric Oncology Group 9404. J Clin Oncol 34 (8): 854-62, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Schultz KR, Pullen DJ, Sather HN, et al.: Risk- and response-based classification of childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a combined analysis of prognostic markers from the Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) and Children's Cancer Group (CCG). Blood 109 (3): 926-35, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Schrauder A, Reiter A, Gadner H, et al.: Superiority of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation compared with chemotherapy alone in high-risk childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from ALL-BFM 90 and 95. J Clin Oncol 24 (36): 5742-9, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Ribera JM, Ortega JJ, Oriol A, et al.: Comparison of intensive chemotherapy, allogeneic, or autologous stem-cell transplantation as postremission treatment for children with very high risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: PETHEMA ALL-93 Trial. J Clin Oncol 25 (1): 16-24, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Pieters R, de Groot-Kruseman H, Van der Velden V, et al.: Successful Therapy Reduction and Intensification for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Based on Minimal Residual Disease Monitoring: Study ALL10 From the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 34 (22): 2591-601, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Conter V, Valsecchi MG, Parasole R, et al.: Childhood high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first remission: results after chemotherapy or transplant from the AIEOP ALL 2000 study. Blood 123 (10): 1470-8, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Pui CH, Rebora P, Schrappe M, et al.: Outcome of Children With Hypodiploid Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Retrospective Multinational Study. J Clin Oncol 37 (10): 770-779, 2019.[PUBMED Abstract]
McNeer JL, Devidas M, Dai Y, et al.: Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation Does Not Improve the Poor Outcome of Children With Hypodiploid Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report From Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 37 (10): 780-789, 2019.[PUBMED Abstract]
Bhatia S, Landier W, Shangguan M, et al.: Nonadherence to oral mercaptopurine and risk of relapse in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the children's oncology group. J Clin Oncol 30 (17): 2094-101, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Bhatia S, Landier W, Hageman L, et al.: 6MP adherence in a multiracial cohort of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group study. Blood 124 (15): 2345-53, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Schmiegelow K, Glomstein A, Kristinsson J, et al.: Impact of morning versus evening schedule for oral methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine on relapse risk for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nordic Society for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (NOPHO). J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 19 (2): 102-9, 1997 Mar-Apr.[PUBMED Abstract]
Clemmensen KK, Christensen RH, Shabaneh DN, et al.: The circadian schedule for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia maintenance therapy does not influence event-free survival in the NOPHO ALL92 protocol. Pediatr Blood Cancer 61 (4): 653-8, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Landier W, Hageman L, Chen Y, et al.: Mercaptopurine Ingestion Habits, Red Cell Thioguanine Nucleotide Levels, and Relapse Risk in Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group Study AALL03N1. J Clin Oncol 35 (15): 1730-1736, 2017.[PUBMED Abstract]
Relling MV, Hancock ML, Rivera GK, et al.: Mercaptopurine therapy intolerance and heterozygosity at the thiopurine S-methyltransferase gene locus. J Natl Cancer Inst 91 (23): 2001-8, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
Andersen JB, Szumlanski C, Weinshilboum RM, et al.: Pharmacokinetics, dose adjustments, and 6-mercaptopurine/methotrexate drug interactions in two patients with thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency. Acta Paediatr 87 (1): 108-11, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
Yang JJ, Landier W, Yang W, et al.: Inherited NUDT15 variant is a genetic determinant of mercaptopurine intolerance in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 33 (11): 1235-42, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Moriyama T, Nishii R, Perez-Andreu V, et al.: NUDT15 polymorphisms alter thiopurine metabolism and hematopoietic toxicity. Nat Genet 48 (4): 367-73, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Zhou H, Li L, Yang P, et al.: Optimal predictor for 6-mercaptopurine intolerance in Chinese children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: NUDT15, TPMT, or ITPA genetic variants? BMC Cancer 18 (1): 516, 2018.[PUBMED Abstract]
Escherich G, Richards S, Stork LC, et al.: Meta-analysis of randomised trials comparing thiopurines in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 25 (6): 953-9, 2011.[PUBMED Abstract]
Broxson EH, Dole M, Wong R, et al.: Portal hypertension develops in a subset of children with standard risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with oral 6-thioguanine during maintenance therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 44 (3): 226-31, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
De Bruyne R, Portmann B, Samyn M, et al.: Chronic liver disease related to 6-thioguanine in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. J Hepatol 44 (2): 407-10, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Vora A, Mitchell CD, Lennard L, et al.: Toxicity and efficacy of 6-thioguanine versus 6-mercaptopurine in childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia: a randomised trial. Lancet 368 (9544): 1339-48, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Jacobs SS, Stork LC, Bostrom BC, et al.: Substitution of oral and intravenous thioguanine for mercaptopurine in a treatment regimen for children with standard risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a collaborative Children's Oncology Group/National Cancer Institute pilot trial (CCG-1942). Pediatr Blood Cancer 49 (3): 250-5, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Stork LC, Matloub Y, Broxson E, et al.: Oral 6-mercaptopurine versus oral 6-thioguanine and veno-occlusive disease in children with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: report of the Children's Oncology Group CCG-1952 clinical trial. Blood 115 (14): 2740-8, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Felice MS, Rossi JG, Gallego MS, et al.: No advantage of a rotational continuation phase in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood treated with a BFM back-bone therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 57 (1): 47-55, 2011.[PUBMED Abstract]
Hijiya N, Hudson MM, Lensing S, et al.: Cumulative incidence of secondary neoplasms as a first event after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JAMA 297 (11): 1207-15, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Pui CH, Ribeiro RC, Hancock ML, et al.: Acute myeloid leukemia in children treated with epipodophyllotoxins for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 325 (24): 1682-7, 1991.[PUBMED Abstract]
Bleyer WA, Sather HN, Nickerson HJ, et al.: Monthly pulses of vincristine and prednisone prevent bone marrow and testicular relapse in low-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report of the CCG-161 study by the Childrens Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 9 (6): 1012-21, 1991.[PUBMED Abstract]
Duration and intensity of maintenance chemotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: overview of 42 trials involving 12 000 randomised children. Childhood ALL Collaborative Group. Lancet 347 (9018): 1783-8, 1996.[PUBMED Abstract]
Eden TO, Pieters R, Richards S, et al.: Systematic review of the addition of vincristine plus steroid pulses in maintenance treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia - an individual patient data meta-analysis involving 5,659 children. Br J Haematol 149 (5): 722-33, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Conter V, Valsecchi MG, Silvestri D, et al.: Pulses of vincristine and dexamethasone in addition to intensive chemotherapy for children with intermediate-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 369 (9556): 123-31, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
De Moerloose B, Suciu S, Bertrand Y, et al.: Improved outcome with pulses of vincristine and corticosteroids in continuation therapy of children with average risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): report of the EORTC randomized phase 3 trial 58951. Blood 116 (1): 36-44, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Strauss AJ, Su JT, Dalton VM, et al.: Bony morbidity in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 19 (12): 3066-72, 2001.[PUBMED Abstract]
Warris LT, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Aarsen FK, et al.: Hydrocortisone as an Intervention for Dexamethasone-Induced Adverse Effects in Pediatric Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Results of a Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Oncol 34 (19): 2287-93, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Bhatia S, Landier W, Hageman L, et al.: Systemic Exposure to Thiopurines and Risk of Relapse in Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Children's Oncology Group Study. JAMA Oncol 1 (3): 287-95, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Landier W, Chen Y, Hageman L, et al.: Comparison of self-report and electronic monitoring of 6MP intake in childhood ALL: a Children's Oncology Group study. Blood 129 (14): 1919-1926, 2017.[PUBMED Abstract]
標準リスクの患者を対象としたランダム化Children's Cancer Group(CCG)研究では、すべての患者が同一の用量とスケジュールで髄腔内メトトレキサート投与を受け、頭蓋照射は受けなかったが、経口デキサメタゾン投与に伴い、経口プレドニゾン投与と比較してCNS再燃率に50%の低下が認められた。[
7
]
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital(SJCRH)、Dutch Childhood Oncology Group(DCOG)、およびEuropean Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC)を含むいくつかのグループが、高リスクのサブセットを含むすべての患者に対して頭蓋照射療法を省略した試験の結果を公表している。[
11
][
12
][
25
]これらの試験のほとんどが寛解導入後の地固め療法期間に高用量メトトレキサートを4回以上投与し、髄腔内化学療法の頻度を高めている。SJCRHおよびDCOGの研究でも、高頻度のビンクリスチン/デキサメタゾンの律動的投与および強化用量のpegaspargaseが含まれていたが[
11
][
12
]、EORTC試験では、CNS3の患者(CSFにWBCが5個/μL以上みられ、遠沈で芽球陽性)に対して寛解導入後治療相で高用量のメトトレキサートの追加投与および高用量のシタラビンの反復投与が含まれていた。
[
25
]
SJCRH Total 17研究(TOT17;NCT03117751)(ALLまたはリンパ腫患者の治療における併用化学療法):患者に対して髄腔内化学療法および大量メトトレキサートを併用し、放射線療法は使用しない。高リスクの特徴を示す特定の患者では、強化髄腔内療法を実施する。
DFCI ALL 16-001(NCT03020030)(ALLの小児および青年に対してより優れた治療法選択肢を特定するリスク分類スキーム):診断時にCNS3状態の患者(5%未満の患者)のみが頭蓋照射療法(18Gy)を受ける。その他のすべての患者では、髄腔内化学療法および大量メトトレキサートを併用し、放射線療法は使用しない。T-ALLの患者は、継続相で過剰用量の髄腔内化学療法を受ける。
SJCRHからの2番目の研究では、Total Study XV(全患者で頭蓋照射療法を省略)に参加した患者が導入療法時、維持療法終了時、治療終了2年後に包括的な神経心理学的評価を受けた。[
40
]
参考文献
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Möricke A, Reiter A, Zimmermann M, et al.: Risk-adjusted therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia can decrease treatment burden and improve survival: treatment results of 2169 unselected pediatric and adolescent patients enrolled in the trial ALL-BFM 95. Blood 111 (9): 4477-89, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Vrooman LM, Stevenson KE, Supko JG, et al.: Postinduction dexamethasone and individualized dosing of Escherichia Coli L-asparaginase each improve outcome of children and adolescents with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from a randomized study--Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 00-01. J Clin Oncol 31 (9): 1202-10, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Hijiya N, Hudson MM, Lensing S, et al.: Cumulative incidence of secondary neoplasms as a first event after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JAMA 297 (11): 1207-15, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Waber DP, Turek J, Catania L, et al.: Neuropsychological outcomes from a randomized trial of triple intrathecal chemotherapy compared with 18 Gy cranial radiation as CNS treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: findings from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 95-01. J Clin Oncol 25 (31): 4914-21, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
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旧Children's Cancer Group(CCG)のプロトコルで、B-ALL患児と同じ治療レジメンでT-ALL患児が治療を受けた;プロトコルおよび治療割り付けは、患者の臨床的特徴(例えば、年齢および白血球[WBC]数)および初期療法への疾患の反応に基づいていた。T-ALL患児のほとんどが米国国立がん研究所(NCI)の高リスク基準を満たしていた。
AIEOP = Associazione Italiana di Ematologia e Oncologia Pediatrica;CALGB = Cancer and Leukemia Group B;CCG = Children's Cancer Group;DCOG = Dutch Childhood Oncology Group;FRALLE = French Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Study Group;GIMEMA = Gruppo Italiano Malattie EMatologiche dell'Adulto;HOVON = Dutch-Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Group;LALA = France-Belgium Group for Lymphoblastic Acute Leukemia in Adults;MRC = Medical Research Council(英国);NOPHO = Nordic Society for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology;UKALL = United Kingdom Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia。
その後のEsPhALL2010(NCT00287105)試験は2004試験への修正の結果であり、寛解導入療法15日目にイマチニブ療法をより早期に開始し、治療終了または移植後1年までイマチニブの投与が継続された。この試験のその後の修正ではまた、第一CR期のHSCTの適応が不良リスクの患者のみに変更された。この結果、寛解導入療法終了時のCR率は(以前の試験の78%から)97%に増加し、HSCTに割り付けられる患者は少なくなった(修正された試験で38% vs 最初の試験で81%)。[
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Hunger SP, Lu X, Devidas M, et al.: Improved survival for children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia between 1990 and 2005: a report from the children's oncology group. J Clin Oncol 30 (14): 1663-9, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Silverman LB, Stevenson KE, O'Brien JE, et al.: Long-term results of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium protocols for children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1985-2000). Leukemia 24 (2): 320-34, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Winter SS, Dunsmore KP, Devidas M, et al.: Improved Survival for Children and Young Adults With T-Lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Results From the Children's Oncology Group AALL0434 Methotrexate Randomization. J Clin Oncol 36 (29): 2926-2934, 2018.[PUBMED Abstract]
LeClerc JM, Billett AL, Gelber RD, et al.: Treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of Dana-Farber ALL Consortium Protocol 87-01. J Clin Oncol 20 (1): 237-46, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Chow EJ, Asselin BL, Schwartz CL, et al.: Late Mortality After Dexrazoxane Treatment: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 33 (24): 2639-45, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Seibel NL, Asselin BL, Nachman JB, et al.: Treatment of high risk T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL): comparison of recent experience of the Children's Cancer Group (CCG) and Pediatric Oncology Group (POG). [Abstract] Blood 104 (11): A-681, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Children's Hospital of Philadelphia(CHOP)およびHospital of the University of Pennsylvaniaで実施されたパイロット臨床試験では、多数回再燃した、または難治性のCD19陽性ALLの小児および成人30人(このうち25人が22歳以下であった)に対して、CD19標的4-1BB CARレンチウイルスベクターで形質導入されたT細胞が投与された。[
143
][証拠レベル:3iiiDi]
別の報告により、抗CD19、抗CD28z CAR T細胞で治療された小児および若年成人25人を対象にした1件の多施設試験について記述された。研究者らは試験中のリンパ球除去シクロホスファミドの用量を増加させ、低用量および高用量の前処置期のほか、MRDの存在 vs 治療前の疾患の形態学的証拠に基づいて転帰を解析した。[
148
][証拠レベル:1iiA]
COG-AALL1331;NCI-2014-00631(NCT02101853)(小児B-ALLの初回再燃に対するブリナツモマブのリスク層別化ランダム化第III相試験):この試験では、B-ALLの初回再燃患者に対してブリナツモマブを組み込むことでDFSを改善できるかどうかが評価されている。ブリナツモマブはほぼすべてのB-ALL細胞に発現したCD19抗原とT細胞に発現したCD3抗原に結合する二重特異性抗体である;このため、ブリナツモマブはBリンパ芽球と患者自身のT細胞を近接させて、白血病細胞の溶解を促進する。再燃部位(骨髄再燃 vs 孤立性髄外再燃)、再燃までの期間、および治療開始から1ヵ月後におけるMRD状態に基づいて患者のリスク層別化が行われる。この試験の化学療法の基本骨格は英国のALLR3レジメンに基づいている。[
39
]治療開始から1ヵ月後に高リスクおよび中リスク患者は、地固め化学療法ブロックを2回行うか、2サイクルのブリナツモマブのいずれかを受ける群にランダムに割り付けられた。これらの患者は続いて、HSCTに進む。低リスク患者は移植なしで治療される;これらの患者はALLR3プロトコルに基づく対照群または同じ化学療法の基本骨格に3サイクルのブリナツモマブも含める研究群のいずれかにランダムに割り付けられる。
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PDQは登録商標である。PDQ文書の内容は本文として自由に使用できるが、完全な形で記し定期的に更新しなければ、NCI PDQがん情報要約とすることはできない。しかし、著者は“NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: 【本要約からの抜粋を含める】.”のような一文を記述してもよい。
本PDQ要約の好ましい引用は以下の通りである:
PDQ® Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board.PDQ Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment.Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>.Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/child-all-treatment-pdq.Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.[PMID: 26389206]
本要約内の画像は、PDQ要約内での使用に限って著者、イラストレーター、および/または出版社の許可を得て使用されている。PDQ情報以外での画像の使用許可は、所有者から得る必要があり、米国国立がん研究所(National Cancer Institute)が付与できるものではない。本要約内のイラストの使用に関する情報は、多くの他のがん関連画像とともにVisuals Online(2,000以上の科学画像を収蔵)で入手できる。
免責条項
入手可能な証拠の強さに基づき、治療選択肢は「標準」または「臨床評価段階にある」のいずれかで記載される場合がある。これらの分類は、保険払い戻しの決定基準として使用されるべきものではない。保険の適用範囲に関する詳しい情報については、Cancer.govのManaging Cancer Careページで入手できる。
お問い合わせ
Cancer.govウェブサイトについての問い合わせまたはヘルプの利用に関する詳しい情報は、Contact Us for Helpページに掲載されている。質問はウェブサイトのEmail UsからもCancer.govに送信可能である。