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Oliver RT, Mason MD, Mead GM, et al.: Radiotherapy versus single-dose carboplatin in adjuvant treatment of stage I seminoma: a randomised trial. Lancet 366 (9482): 293-300, 2005 Jul 23-29.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Ackers C, Rustin GJ: Lactate dehydrogenase is not a useful marker for relapse in patients on surveillance for stage I germ cell tumours. Br J Cancer 94 (9): 1231-2, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
van Dijk MR, Steyerberg EW, Habbema JD: Survival of non-seminomatous germ cell cancer patients according to the IGCC classification: An update based on meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 42 (7): 820-6, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Brimo F, Srigley J, Ryan C: Testis. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp. 727–35.[PUBMED Abstract]
Krege S, Beyer J, Souchon R, et al.: European consensus conference on diagnosis and treatment of germ cell cancer: a report of the second meeting of the European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (EGCCCG): part II. Eur Urol 53 (3): 497-513, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
Leibovitch I, Baniel J, Foster RS, et al.: The clinical implications of procedural deviations during orchiectomy for nonseminomatous testis cancer. J Urol 154 (3): 935-9, 1995.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Sohaib SA, Koh DM, Husband JE: The role of imaging in the diagnosis, staging, and management of testicular cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191 (2): 387-95, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
Leibovitch L, Foster RS, Kopecky KK, et al.: Improved accuracy of computerized tomography based clinical staging in low stage nonseminomatous germ cell cancer using size criteria of retroperitoneal lymph nodes. J Urol 154 (5): 1759-63, 1995.[PUBMED Abstract]
Chung P, Warde P: Surveillance in stage I testicular seminoma. Urol Oncol 24 (1): 75-9, 2006 Jan-Feb.[PUBMED Abstract]
Segal R: Surveillance programs for stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis. Urol Oncol 24 (1): 68-74, 2006 Jan-Feb.[PUBMED Abstract]
Warde P, Specht L, Horwich A, et al.: Prognostic factors for relapse in stage I seminoma managed by surveillance: a pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol 20 (22): 4448-52, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
Stephenson AJ, Bosl GJ, Motzer RJ, et al.: Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer: impact of patient selection factors on outcome. J Clin Oncol 23 (12): 2781-8, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Choueiri TK, Stephenson AJ, Gilligan T, et al.: Management of clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer. Urol Clin North Am 34 (2): 137-48; abstract viii, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Donohue JP, Thornhill JA, Foster RS, et al.: Clinical stage B non-seminomatous germ cell testis cancer: the Indiana University experience (1965-1989) using routine primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Eur J Cancer 31A (10): 1599-604, 1995.[PUBMED Abstract]
Huddart SN, Mann JR, Gornall P, et al.: The UK Children's Cancer Study Group: testicular malignant germ cell tumours 1979-1988. J Pediatr Surg 25 (4): 406-10, 1990.[PUBMED Abstract]
Fosså SD, Chen J, Schonfeld SJ, et al.: Risk of contralateral testicular cancer: a population-based study of 29,515 U.S. men. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 (14): 1056-66, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Theodore Ch, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, Laplanche A, et al.: Bilateral germ-cell tumours: 22-year experience at the Institut Gustave Roussy. Br J Cancer 90 (1): 55-9, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Goedert JJ, Purdue MP, McNeel TS, et al.: Risk of germ cell tumors among men with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16 (6): 1266-9, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Brydøy M, Fosså SD, Klepp O, et al.: Paternity following treatment for testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 (21): 1580-8, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Huyghe E, Matsuda T, Daudin M, et al.: Fertility after testicular cancer treatments: results of a large multicenter study. Cancer 100 (4): 732-7, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Babosa M, Baki M, Bodrogi I, et al.: A study of children, fathered by men treated for testicular cancer, conceived before, during, and after chemotherapy. Med Pediatr Oncol 22 (1): 33-8, 1994.[PUBMED Abstract]
Spermon JR, Kiemeney LA, Meuleman EJ, et al.: Fertility in men with testicular germ cell tumors. Fertil Steril 79 (Suppl 3): 1543-9, 2003.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gordon W, Siegmund K, Stanisic TH, et al.: A study of reproductive function in patients with seminoma treated with radiotherapy and orchidectomy: (SWOG-8711). Southwest Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 38 (1): 83-94, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
Travis LB, Andersson M, Gospodarowicz M, et al.: Treatment-associated leukemia following testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 92 (14): 1165-71, 2000.[PUBMED Abstract]
van Leeuwen FE, Stiggelbout AM, van den Belt-Dusebout AW, et al.: Second cancer risk following testicular cancer: a follow-up study of 1,909 patients. J Clin Oncol 11 (3): 415-24, 1993.[PUBMED Abstract]
Kollmannsberger C, Hartmann JT, Kanz L, et al.: Therapy-related malignancies following treatment of germ cell cancer. Int J Cancer 83 (6): 860-3, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
Osanto S, Bukman A, Van Hoek F, et al.: Long-term effects of chemotherapy in patients with testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 10 (4): 574-9, 1992.[PUBMED Abstract]
Haugnes HS, Aass N, Fosså SD, et al.: Pulmonary function in long-term survivors of testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 27 (17): 2779-86, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
Fosså SD, Gilbert E, Dores GM, et al.: Noncancer causes of death in survivors of testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 99 (7): 533-44, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Travis LB, Fosså SD, Schonfeld SJ, et al.: Second cancers among 40,576 testicular cancer patients: focus on long-term survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 (18): 1354-65, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
van den Belt-Dusebout AW, de Wit R, Gietema JA, et al.: Treatment-specific risks of second malignancies and cardiovascular disease in 5-year survivors of testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 25 (28): 4370-8, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Meinardi MT, Gietema JA, van der Graaf WT, et al.: Cardiovascular morbidity in long-term survivors of metastatic testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 18 (8): 1725-32, 2000.[PUBMED Abstract]
Huddart RA, Norman A, Shahidi M, et al.: Cardiovascular disease as a long-term complication of treatment for testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 21 (8): 1513-23, 2003.[PUBMED Abstract]
van den Belt-Dusebout AW, Nuver J, de Wit R, et al.: Long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in 5-year survivors of testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 24 (3): 467-75, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Nuver J, Smit AJ, Wolffenbuttel BH, et al.: The metabolic syndrome and disturbances in hormone levels in long-term survivors of disseminated testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 23 (16): 3718-25, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Bosi GJ, Feldman DR, Bajorin DE, et al.: Cancer of the testis. In: DeVita VT Jr, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA: Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011, pp 1280-1301.[PUBMED Abstract]
Brimo F, Srigley J, Ryan C: Testis. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp. 727–35.[PUBMED Abstract]
International Germ Cell Consensus Classification: a prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers. International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol 15 (2): 594-603, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
International Germ Cell Consensus Classification: a prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers. International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol 15 (2): 594-603, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
van Dijk MR, Steyerberg EW, Habbema JD: Survival of non-seminomatous germ cell cancer patients according to the IGCC classification: An update based on meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 42 (7): 820-6, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Schaapveld M, van den Belt-Dusebout AW, Gietema JA, et al.: Risk and prognostic significance of metachronous contralateral testicular germ cell tumours. Br J Cancer 107 (9): 1637-43, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Tabernero J, Paz-Ares L, Salazar R, et al.: Incidence of contralateral germ cell testicular tumors in South Europe: report of the experience at 2 Spanish university hospitals and review of the literature. J Urol 171 (1): 164-7, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Fosså SD, Chen J, Schonfeld SJ, et al.: Risk of contralateral testicular cancer: a population-based study of 29,515 U.S. men. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 (14): 1056-66, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Dieckmann KP, Wilken S, Loy V, et al.: Treatment of testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (intratubular germ cell neoplasia unspecified) with local radiotherapy or with platinum-based chemotherapy: a survey of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Ann Oncol 24 (5): 1332-7, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Kleinschmidt K, Dieckmann KP, Georgiew A, et al.: Chemotherapy is of limited efficacy in the control of contralateral testicular intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with testicular germ cell cancer. Oncology 77 (1): 33-9, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
一般に、次の2つの治療照射野の1つが用いられる:後腹膜リンパ節を対象とする傍大動脈領域または後腹膜に加えて同側の腸骨リンパ節を含めるドッグレッグ照射野。照射線量は20Gy~26Gyである。傍大動脈放射線療法単独と傍大動脈放射線療法および同側の腸骨リンパ節を照射野に含める治療法の併用とを比較するランダム化試験(MRC-TE10)において、再燃率および毒性を検討した。[
13
][
18
]5年RFS率は実質的に同じであり(傍大動脈領域を治療された患者で96.1% vs ドッグレッグ照射野を治療された患者で96.2%)、全生存率も同じであった(傍大動脈放射線療法群で1例がセミノーマにより死亡した)。骨盤内RFS率は98.2% vs 100%であり、骨盤内RFS率の差の95%信頼区間(CI)は0%-3.7%であった。同側の腸骨放射線療法によって、白血球減少症および下痢に統計的に有意な増大が認められた。
臨床病期I期の精巣セミノーマに対する放射線療法は、この治療が二次悪性腫瘍のリスク増大および二次悪性腫瘍による死亡リスク増大に関連しているという証拠のために、もはや支持されていない。米国における1973年から2001年の集団ベースのSurveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results(SEER)登録からのデータ解析により、I期セミノーマに対して放射線療法を受けた男性7,179人中、一般集団と比較して246人が二次がんによる死亡リスクを有していた(標準化死亡比、1.89;95%CI、1.67-2.14)ことが示された。[
19
]4万人以上の精巣腫瘍生存者を対象にした1件の国際研究により、20~29年間にわたって追跡されている生存者7,885人中、放射線療法は二次がんリスクの倍増と関連していた(相対リスク、2.0;95%CI、1.8-2.3)ことが報告された。[
20
]
Warde P, Gospodarowicz MK, Panzarella T, et al.: Long term outcome and cost in the management of stage I testicular seminoma. Can J Urol 7 (2): 967-72; discussion 973., 2000.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Oliver RT, Mead GM, Rustin GJ, et al.: Randomized trial of carboplatin versus radiotherapy for stage I seminoma: mature results on relapse and contralateral testis cancer rates in MRC TE19/EORTC 30982 study (ISRCTN27163214). J Clin Oncol 29 (8): 957-62, 2011.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Colls BM, Harvey VJ, Skelton L, et al.: Late results of surveillance of clinical stage I nonseminoma germ cell testicular tumours: 17 years' experience in a national study in New Zealand. BJU Int 83 (1): 76-82, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Williams SD, Stablein DM, Einhorn LH, et al.: Immediate adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation with treatment at relapse in pathological stage II testicular cancer. N Engl J Med 317 (23): 1433-8, 1987.[PUBMED Abstract]
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対照的に、IIB期およびIIC期患者ではRPLND後の再燃率が比較的高いため、これらの患者は通常、播種性腫瘍に対する全身化学療法で治療される。1件の研究により、RPLNDを早期II期疾患で血清腫瘍マーカーが正常な患者に限定することで、RPLND後の5年RFSが78%から100%に増加した一方、化学療法を受けたII期患者のRFSも有意に変わらなかった(100% vs 98%)ことが報告された。[
14
]しかしながら、II期非セミノーマ胚細胞腫瘍患者をRPLNDまたは化学療法のいずれで治療すべきかという問題はランダム化試験で扱われていない。
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De Santis M, Becherer A, Bokemeyer C, et al.: 2-18fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography is a reliable predictor for viable tumor in postchemotherapy seminoma: an update of the prospective multicentric SEMPET trial. J Clin Oncol 22 (6): 1034-9, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Mencel PJ, Motzer RJ, Mazumdar M, et al.: Advanced seminoma: treatment results, survival, and prognostic factors in 142 patients. J Clin Oncol 12 (1): 120-6, 1994.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gholam D, Fizazi K, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, et al.: Advanced seminoma--treatment results and prognostic factors for survival after first-line, cisplatin-based chemotherapy and for patients with recurrent disease: a single-institution experience in 145 patients. Cancer 98 (4): 745-52, 2003.[PUBMED Abstract]
Culine S, Abs L, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, et al.: Cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced seminoma: the Institut Gustave Roussy experience. Eur J Cancer 34 (3): 353-8, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
Zagars GK, Pollack A: Radiotherapy for stage II testicular seminoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51 (3): 643-9, 2001.[PUBMED Abstract]
Stephenson AJ, Bosl GJ, Motzer RJ, et al.: Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer: impact of patient selection factors on outcome. J Clin Oncol 23 (12): 2781-8, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Stephenson AJ, Bosl GJ, Motzer RJ, et al.: Nonrandomized comparison of primary chemotherapy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage IIA and IIB nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 25 (35): 5597-602, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Richie JP, Kantoff PW: Is adjuvant chemotherapy necessary for patients with stage B1 testicular cancer? J Clin Oncol 9 (8): 1393-6, 1991.[PUBMED Abstract]
Heidenreich A, Sesterhenn IA, Mostofi FK, et al.: Prognostic risk factors that identify patients with clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors at low risk and high risk for metastasis. Cancer 83 (5): 1002-11, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
Hermans BP, Sweeney CJ, Foster RS, et al.: Risk of systemic metastases in clinical stage I nonseminoma germ cell testis tumor managed by retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. J Urol 163 (6): 1721-4, 2000.[PUBMED Abstract]
Sweeney CJ, Hermans BP, Heilman DK, et al.: Results and outcome of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I embryonal carcinoma--predominant testis cancer. J Clin Oncol 18 (2): 358-62, 2000.[PUBMED Abstract]
Huddart SN, Mann JR, Gornall P, et al.: The UK Children's Cancer Study Group: testicular malignant germ cell tumours 1979-1988. J Pediatr Surg 25 (4): 406-10, 1990.[PUBMED Abstract]
Williams SD, Birch R, Einhorn LH, et al.: Treatment of disseminated germ-cell tumors with cisplatin, bleomycin, and either vinblastine or etoposide. N Engl J Med 316 (23): 1435-40, 1987.[PUBMED Abstract]
Horwich A, Norman A, Fisher C, et al.: Primary chemotherapy for stage II nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis. J Urol 151 (1): 72-7; discussion 77-8, 1994.[PUBMED Abstract]
de Wit R, Roberts JT, Wilkinson PM, et al.: Equivalence of three or four cycles of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin chemotherapy and of a 3- or 5-day schedule in good-prognosis germ cell cancer: a randomized study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group and the Medical Research Council. J Clin Oncol 19 (6): 1629-40, 2001.[PUBMED Abstract]
Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Loehrer PJ, et al.: Evaluation of optimal duration of chemotherapy in favorable-prognosis disseminated germ cell tumors: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group protocol. J Clin Oncol 7 (3): 387-91, 1989.[PUBMED Abstract]
Xiao H, Mazumdar M, Bajorin DF, et al.: Long-term follow-up of patients with good-risk germ cell tumors treated with etoposide and cisplatin. J Clin Oncol 15 (7): 2553-8, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
Loehrer PJ, Johnson D, Elson P, et al.: Importance of bleomycin in favorable-prognosis disseminated germ cell tumors: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial. J Clin Oncol 13 (2): 470-6, 1995.[PUBMED Abstract]
Bosl GJ, Gluckman R, Geller NL, et al.: VAB-6: an effective chemotherapy regimen for patients with germ-cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 4 (10): 1493-9, 1986.[PUBMED Abstract]
Wozniak AJ, Samson MK, Shah NT, et al.: A randomized trial of cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin versus vinblastine, cisplatin, and etoposide in the treatment of advanced germ cell tumors of the testis: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 9 (1): 70-6, 1991.[PUBMED Abstract]
Stoter G, Koopman A, Vendrik CP, et al.: Ten-year survival and late sequelae in testicular cancer patients treated with cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin. J Clin Oncol 7 (8): 1099-104, 1989.[PUBMED Abstract]
Fizazi K, Oldenburg J, Dunant A, et al.: Assessing prognosis and optimizing treatment in patients with postchemotherapy viable nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors (NSGCT): results of the sCR2 international study. Ann Oncol 19 (2): 259-64, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Leibovitch I, Little JS, Foster RS, et al.: Delayed orchiectomy after chemotherapy for metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. J Urol 155 (3): 952-4, 1996.[PUBMED Abstract]
治療施設の経験がIII期の非セミノーマ患者の転帰に影響を及ぼしうることがレトロスペクティブなデータによって示唆されている。European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC)およびMedical Research Council(MRC)の49施設において同一の研究プロトコルで1990年から1994年までの間に治療された患者380人から得られたデータが解析された。[
17
]プロトコルへの登録患者数が5人未満の施設で治療を受けた患者55人では2年全生存率が62%(95%信頼区間[CI]、48%-75%)であったのに対し、登録患者数が5人以上の施設では77%(95%CI、72%-81%)であった。
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van Dijk MR, Steyerberg EW, Habbema JD: Survival of non-seminomatous germ cell cancer patients according to the IGCC classification: An update based on meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 42 (7): 820-6, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Williams SD, Birch R, Einhorn LH, et al.: Treatment of disseminated germ-cell tumors with cisplatin, bleomycin, and either vinblastine or etoposide. N Engl J Med 316 (23): 1435-40, 1987.[PUBMED Abstract]
Nichols CR, Catalano PJ, Crawford ED, et al.: Randomized comparison of cisplatin and etoposide and either bleomycin or ifosfamide in treatment of advanced disseminated germ cell tumors: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Southwest Oncology Group, and Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study. J Clin Oncol 16 (4): 1287-93, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
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de Wit R, Louwerens M, de Mulder PH, et al.: Management of intermediate-prognosis germ-cell cancer: results of a phase I/II study of Taxol-BEP. Int J Cancer 83 (6): 831-3, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Loehrer PJ, et al.: Evaluation of optimal duration of chemotherapy in favorable-prognosis disseminated germ cell tumors: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group protocol. J Clin Oncol 7 (3): 387-91, 1989.[PUBMED Abstract]
Saxman SB, Finch D, Gonin R, et al.: Long-term follow-up of a phase III study of three versus four cycles of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin in favorable-prognosis germ-cell tumors: the Indiana University experience. J Clin Oncol 16 (2): 702-6, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
de Wit R, Roberts JT, Wilkinson PM, et al.: Equivalence of three or four cycles of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin chemotherapy and of a 3- or 5-day schedule in good-prognosis germ cell cancer: a randomized study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group and the Medical Research Council. J Clin Oncol 19 (6): 1629-40, 2001.[PUBMED Abstract]
Motzer RJ, Nichols CJ, Margolin KA, et al.: Phase III randomized trial of conventional-dose chemotherapy with or without high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell rescue as first-line treatment for patients with poor-prognosis metastatic germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 25 (3): 247-56, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Loehrer PJ, Johnson D, Elson P, et al.: Importance of bleomycin in favorable-prognosis disseminated germ cell tumors: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial. J Clin Oncol 13 (2): 470-6, 1995.[PUBMED Abstract]
Culine S, Kerbrat P, Kramar A, et al.: Refining the optimal chemotherapy regimen for good-risk metastatic nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors: a randomized trial of the Genito-Urinary Group of the French Federation of Cancer Centers (GETUG T93BP). Ann Oncol 18 (5): 917-24, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Levi JA, Raghavan D, Harvey V, et al.: The importance of bleomycin in combination chemotherapy for good-prognosis germ cell carcinoma. Australasian Germ Cell Trial Group. J Clin Oncol 11 (7): 1300-5, 1993.[PUBMED Abstract]
de Wit R, Stoter G, Kaye SB, et al.: Importance of bleomycin in combination chemotherapy for good-prognosis testicular nonseminoma: a randomized study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 15 (5): 1837-43, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
Leibovitch I, Little JS, Foster RS, et al.: Delayed orchiectomy after chemotherapy for metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. J Urol 155 (3): 952-4, 1996.[PUBMED Abstract]
Collette L, Sylvester RJ, Stenning SP, et al.: Impact of the treating institution on survival of patients with "poor-prognosis" metastatic nonseminoma. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Collaborative Group and the Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Working Party. J Natl Cancer Inst 91 (10): 839-46, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Aass N, Klepp O, Cavallin-Stahl E, et al.: Prognostic factors in unselected patients with nonseminomatous metastatic testicular cancer: a multicenter experience. J Clin Oncol 9 (5): 818-26, 1991.[PUBMED Abstract]
Feuer EJ, Frey CM, Brawley OW, et al.: After a treatment breakthrough: a comparison of trial and population-based data for advanced testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 12 (2): 368-77, 1994.[PUBMED Abstract]
Harding MJ, Paul J, Gillis CR, et al.: Management of malignant teratoma: does referral to a specialist unit matter? Lancet 341 (8851): 999-1002, 1993.[PUBMED Abstract]
Zon RT, Nichols C, Einhorn LH: Management strategies and outcomes of germ cell tumor patients with very high human chorionic gonadotropin levels. J Clin Oncol 16 (4): 1294-7, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
Duchesne GM, Stenning SP, Aass N, et al.: Radiotherapy after chemotherapy for metastatic seminoma--a diminishing role. MRC Testicular Tumour Working Party. Eur J Cancer 33 (6): 829-35, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
Heidenreich A, Thüer D, Polyakov S: Postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in advanced germ cell tumours of the testis. Eur Urol 53 (2): 260-72, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
De Santis M, Becherer A, Bokemeyer C, et al.: 2-18fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography is a reliable predictor for viable tumor in postchemotherapy seminoma: an update of the prospective multicentric SEMPET trial. J Clin Oncol 22 (6): 1034-9, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Hinz S, Schrader M, Kempkensteffen C, et al.: The role of positron emission tomography in the evaluation of residual masses after chemotherapy for advanced stage seminoma. J Urol 179 (3): 936-40; discussion 940, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
Lewis DA, Tann M, Kesler K, et al.: Positron emission tomography scans in postchemotherapy seminoma patients with residual masses: a retrospective review from Indiana University Hospital. J Clin Oncol 24 (34): e54-5, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Schultz SM, Einhorn LH, Conces DJ, et al.: Management of postchemotherapy residual mass in patients with advanced seminoma: Indiana University experience. J Clin Oncol 7 (10): 1497-503, 1989.[PUBMED Abstract]
Mosharafa AA, Foster RS, Leibovich BC, et al.: Is post-chemotherapy resection of seminomatous elements associated with higher acute morbidity? J Urol 169 (6): 2126-8, 2003.[PUBMED Abstract]
Steyerberg EW, Keizer HJ, Fosså SD, et al.: Prediction of residual retroperitoneal mass histology after chemotherapy for metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumor: multivariate analysis of individual patient data from six study groups. J Clin Oncol 13 (5): 1177-87, 1995.[PUBMED Abstract]
Vergouwe Y, Steyerberg EW, Foster RS, et al.: Predicting retroperitoneal histology in postchemotherapy testicular germ cell cancer: a model update and multicentre validation with more than 1000 patients. Eur Urol 51 (2): 424-32, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Brenner PC, Herr HW, Morse MJ, et al.: Simultaneous retroperitoneal, thoracic, and cervical resection of postchemotherapy residual masses in patients with metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis. J Clin Oncol 14 (6): 1765-9, 1996.[PUBMED Abstract]
Steyerberg EW, Donohue JP, Gerl A, et al.: Residual masses after chemotherapy for metastatic testicular cancer: the clinical implications of the association between retroperitoneal and pulmonary histology. Re-analysis of Histology in Testicular Cancer (ReHiT) Study Group. J Urol 158 (2): 474-8, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
Katz MH, McKiernan JM: Management of non-retroperitoneal residual germ cell tumor masses. Urol Clin North Am 34 (2): 235-43; abstract x, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Fox EP, Weathers TD, Williams SD, et al.: Outcome analysis for patients with persistent nonteratomatous germ cell tumor in postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissections. J Clin Oncol 11 (7): 1294-9, 1993.[PUBMED Abstract]
Huddart SN, Mann JR, Gornall P, et al.: The UK Children's Cancer Study Group: testicular malignant germ cell tumours 1979-1988. J Pediatr Surg 25 (4): 406-10, 1990.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gholam D, Fizazi K, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, et al.: Advanced seminoma--treatment results and prognostic factors for survival after first-line, cisplatin-based chemotherapy and for patients with recurrent disease: a single-institution experience in 145 patients. Cancer 98 (4): 745-52, 2003.[PUBMED Abstract]
Bajorin DF, Geller NL, Weisen SF, et al.: Two-drug therapy in patients with metastatic germ cell tumors. Cancer 67 (1): 28-32, 1991.[PUBMED Abstract]
Mencel PJ, Motzer RJ, Mazumdar M, et al.: Advanced seminoma: treatment results, survival, and prognostic factors in 142 patients. J Clin Oncol 12 (1): 120-6, 1994.[PUBMED Abstract]
de Wit R, Stoter G, Sleijfer DT, et al.: Four cycles of BEP vs four cycles of VIP in patients with intermediate-prognosis metastatic testicular non-seminoma: a randomized study of the EORTC Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Br J Cancer 78 (6): 828-32, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
Culine S, Abs L, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, et al.: Cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced seminoma: the Institut Gustave Roussy experience. Eur J Cancer 34 (3): 353-8, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
Quek ML, Simma-Chiang V, Stein JP, et al.: Postchemotherapy residual masses in advanced seminoma: current management and outcomes. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 5 (5): 869-74, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Herr HW, Sheinfeld J, Puc HS, et al.: Surgery for a post-chemotherapy residual mass in seminoma. J Urol 157 (3): 860-2, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
Loehrer PJ, Lauer R, Roth BJ, et al.: Salvage therapy in recurrent germ cell cancer: ifosfamide and cisplatin plus either vinblastine or etoposide. Ann Intern Med 109 (7): 540-6, 1988.[PUBMED Abstract]
Loehrer PJ, Gonin R, Nichols CR, et al.: Vinblastine plus ifosfamide plus cisplatin as initial salvage therapy in recurrent germ cell tumor. J Clin Oncol 16 (7): 2500-4, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
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Bhatia S, Abonour R, Porcu P, et al.: High-dose chemotherapy as initial salvage chemotherapy in patients with relapsed testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 18 (19): 3346-51, 2000.[PUBMED Abstract]
Beyer J, Kramar A, Mandanas R, et al.: High-dose chemotherapy as salvage treatment in germ cell tumors: a multivariate analysis of prognostic variables. J Clin Oncol 14 (10): 2638-45, 1996.[PUBMED Abstract]
Einhorn LH, Williams SD, Chamness A, et al.: High-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell rescue for metastatic germ-cell tumors. N Engl J Med 357 (4): 340-8, 2007.[PUBMED Abstract]
Pico JL, Rosti G, Kramar A, et al.: A randomised trial of high-dose chemotherapy in the salvage treatment of patients failing first-line platinum chemotherapy for advanced germ cell tumours. Ann Oncol 16 (7): 1152-9, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
Fox EP, Weathers TD, Williams SD, et al.: Outcome analysis for patients with persistent nonteratomatous germ cell tumor in postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissections. J Clin Oncol 11 (7): 1294-9, 1993.[PUBMED Abstract]
Cooper MA, Einhorn LH: Maintenance chemotherapy with daily oral etoposide following salvage therapy in patients with germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 13 (5): 1167-9, 1995.[PUBMED Abstract]
Baniel J, Foster RS, Gonin R, et al.: Late relapse of testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol 13 (5): 1170-6, 1995.[PUBMED Abstract]
Motzer RJ, Geller NL, Tan CC, et al.: Salvage chemotherapy for patients with germ cell tumors. The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience (1979-1989). Cancer 67 (5): 1305-10, 1991.[PUBMED Abstract]
PDQは登録商標である。PDQ文書の内容は本文として自由に使用できるが、完全な形で記し定期的に更新しなければ、NCI PDQがん情報要約とすることはできない。しかし、著者は“NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: 【本要約からの抜粋を含める】.”のような一文を記述してもよい。
本要約内の画像は、PDQ要約内での使用に限って著者、イラストレーター、および/または出版社の許可を得て使用されている。PDQ情報以外での画像の使用許可は、所有者から得る必要があり、米国国立がん研究所(National Cancer Institute)が付与できるものではない。本要約内のイラストの使用に関する情報は、多くの他のがん関連画像とともにVisuals Online(2,000以上の科学画像を収蔵)で入手できる。
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入手可能な証拠の強さに基づき、治療選択肢は「標準」または「臨床評価段階にある」のいずれかで記載される場合がある。これらの分類は、保険払い戻しの決定基準として使用されるべきものではない。保険の適用範囲に関する詳しい情報については、Cancer.govのManaging Cancer Careページで入手できる。
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