本要約は、編集作業において米国国立がん研究所(NCI)とは独立したPDQ Supportive and Palliative Care Editorial Boardにより定期的に見直され、随時更新される。本要約は独自の文献レビューを反映しており、NCIまたは米国国立衛生研究所(NIH)の方針声明を示すものではない。
2010年に、American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition(ASPEN)およびEuropean Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolismが提案する病因に基づく栄養不良の定義が公表された。これらの定義は、上記グループおよびAcademy of Nutrition and Dietetics(以降はAcademyと呼ぶ)により受け入れられている。[
6
][
10
][
12
]この定義および栄養不良の特徴は、AcademyのOncology Nutrition Evidence Analysis Library Work Groupによっても受け入れられている。[
13
]
Martin L, Birdsell L, Macdonald N, et al.: Cancer cachexia in the age of obesity: skeletal muscle depletion is a powerful prognostic factor, independent of body mass index. J Clin Oncol 31 (12): 1539-47, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Prado CM, Baracos VE, McCargar LJ, et al.: Sarcopenia as a determinant of chemotherapy toxicity and time to tumor progression in metastatic breast cancer patients receiving capecitabine treatment. Clin Cancer Res 15 (8): 2920-6, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
Bozzetti F, Mariani L, Lo Vullo S, et al.: The nutritional risk in oncology: a study of 1,453 cancer outpatients. Support Care Cancer 20 (8): 1919-28, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Hébuterne X, Lemarié E, Michallet M, et al.: Prevalence of malnutrition and current use of nutrition support in patients with cancer. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 38 (2): 196-204, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Baldwin C, Spiro A, Ahern R, et al.: Oral nutritional interventions in malnourished patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 104 (5): 371-85, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Marian M, August DA: Prevalence of malnutrition and current use of nutrition support in cancer patient study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 38 (2): 163-5, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Shachar SS, Williams GR, Muss HB, et al.: Prognostic value of sarcopenia in adults with solid tumours: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Cancer 57: 58-67, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Kazemi-Bajestani SM, Mazurak VC, Baracos V: Computed tomography-defined muscle and fat wasting are associated with cancer clinical outcomes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 54: 2-10, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Beaudart C, McCloskey E, Bruyère O, et al.: Sarcopenia in daily practice: assessment and management. BMC Geriatr 16 (1): 170, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Jensen GL, Mirtallo J, Compher C, et al.: Adult starvation and disease-related malnutrition: a proposal for etiology-based diagnosis in the clinical practice setting from the International Consensus Guideline Committee. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 34 (2): 156-9, 2010 Mar-Apr.[PUBMED Abstract]
White JV, Guenter P, Jensen G, et al.: Consensus statement: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 36 (3): 275-83, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
White JV, Guenter P, Jensen G, et al.: Consensus statement of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition). J Acad Nutr Diet 112 (5): 730-8, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Levin R: Nutrition risk screening and assessment of the oncology patient. In: Leser M, Ledesma N, Bergerson S, et al., eds.: Oncology Nutrition for Clinical Practice. Chicago, Ill: Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group, 2018, pp 25-32.[PUBMED Abstract]
Vigano A, Watanabe S, Bruera E: Anorexia and cachexia in advanced cancer patients. Cancer Surv 21: 99-115, 1994.[PUBMED Abstract]
McMahon K, Decker G, Ottery FD: Integrating proactive nutritional assessment in clinical practices to prevent complications and cost. Semin Oncol 25 (2 Suppl 6): 20-7, 1998.[PUBMED Abstract]
Tong H, Isenring E, Yates P: The prevalence of nutrition impact symptoms and their relationship to quality of life and clinical outcomes in medical oncology patients. Support Care Cancer 17 (1): 83-90, 2009.[PUBMED Abstract]
Rivadeneira DE, Evoy D, Fahey TJ, et al.: Nutritional support of the cancer patient. CA Cancer J Clin 48 (2): 69-80, 1998 Mar-Apr.[PUBMED Abstract]
Bruera E: ABC of palliative care. Anorexia, cachexia, and nutrition. BMJ 315 (7117): 1219-22, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
Langstein HN, Norton JA: Mechanisms of cancer cachexia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 5 (1): 103-23, 1991.[PUBMED Abstract]
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Oncology Expert Work Group: Nutrition and the Adult Oncology Patient. Chicago, Ill: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Library, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Cushen SJ, Power DG, Ryan AM: Nutrition assessment in oncology. Top Clin Nutr 30 (1): 103-19, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
de van der Schueren M, Elia M, Gramlich L, et al.: Clinical and economic outcomes of nutrition interventions across the continuum of care. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1321: 20-40, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Prado CM, Lieffers JR, McCargar LJ, et al.: Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 9 (7): 629-35, 2008.[PUBMED Abstract]
Aapro M, Arends J, Bozzetti F, et al.: Early recognition of malnutrition and cachexia in the cancer patient: a position paper of a European School of Oncology Task Force. Ann Oncol 25 (8): 1492-9, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Baldwin C, Weekes CE: Dietary counselling with or without oral nutritional supplements in the management of malnourished patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Hum Nutr Diet 25 (5): 411-26, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Ravasco P, Monteiro-Grillo I, Vidal PM, et al.: Dietary counseling improves patient outcomes: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial in colorectal cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 23 (7): 1431-8, 2005.[PUBMED Abstract]
栄養支持の目標は、十分な栄養状態とタンパク質貯蔵を維持することである。American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutritionは、HCTを受ける患者が栄養不良で、長期間(7~14日を超える)にわたって十分な栄養の摂取または吸収ができないと予想される場合、栄養支持を受けるよう推奨している;患者の消化管が機能していれば、経腸栄養が推奨される。[
28
][
29
]
Levin R: Nutrition risk screening and assessment of the oncology patient. In: Leser M, Ledesma N, Bergerson S, et al., eds.: Oncology Nutrition for Clinical Practice. Chicago, Ill: Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group, 2018, pp 25-32.[PUBMED Abstract]
Wojtaszek CA, Kochis LM, Cunningham RS: Nutrition impact symptoms in the oncology patient. Oncology Issues 17 (2): 15-7, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
Martin L, Birdsell L, Macdonald N, et al.: Cancer cachexia in the age of obesity: skeletal muscle depletion is a powerful prognostic factor, independent of body mass index. J Clin Oncol 31 (12): 1539-47, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Huhmann M: Nutrition management of the surgical oncology patient. In: Leser M, Ledesma N, Bergerson S, et al., eds.: Oncology Nutrition for Clinical Practice. Chicago, Ill: Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group, 2018, pp 135-42.[PUBMED Abstract]
August DA, Huhmann M: Nutrition support of the cancer patient. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, et al., eds.: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp 1194-1213.[PUBMED Abstract]
McGuire M: Nutritional care of surgical oncology patients. Semin Oncol Nurs 16 (2): 128-34, 2000.[PUBMED Abstract]
Leser M: Medical nutrition therapy for esophageal cancer. In: Leser M, Ledesma N, Bergerson S, et al., eds.: Oncology Nutrition for Clinical Practice. Chicago, Ill: Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group, 2018, pp 181-6.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gill C: Nutrition management for cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Leser M, Ledesma N, Bergerson S, et al., eds.: Oncology Nutrition for Clinical Practice. Chicago, Ill: Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group, 2018, pp 187-200.[PUBMED Abstract]
Nguyen A, Nadler E: Medical nutrition therapy for head and neck cancer. In: Leser M, Ledesma N, Bergerson S, et al., eds.: Oncology Nutrition for Clinical Practice. Chicago, Ill: Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group, 2018, pp 201-8.[PUBMED Abstract]
Petzel MQB: Medical nutrition therapy for pancreatic and bile duct cancer. In: Leser M, Ledesma N, Bergerson S, et al., eds.: Oncology Nutrition for Clinical Practice. Chicago, Ill: Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group, 2018, pp 219-28.[PUBMED Abstract]
Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD, et al.: Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol 12 (5): 489-95, 2011.[PUBMED Abstract]
Tisdale MJ: Pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. J Support Oncol 1 (3): 159-68, 2003 Sep-Oct.[PUBMED Abstract]
Ramos EJ, Suzuki S, Marks D, et al.: Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome: cytokines and neuropeptides. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 7 (4): 427-34, 2004.[PUBMED Abstract]
Strasser F, Bruera ED: Update on anorexia and cachexia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 16 (3): 589-617, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gambardella A, Tortoriello R, Tagliamonte MR, et al.: Metabolic changes in elderly cancer patients after glucose ingestion. The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Cancer 79 (1): 177-84, 1997.[PUBMED Abstract]
Grant BL: Nutritional effects of cancer treatment: chemotherapy, biotherapy, hormone therapy and radiation therapy. In: Leser M, Ledesma N, Bergerson S, et al., eds.: Oncology Nutrition for Clinical Practice. Chicago, Ill: Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group, 2018, pp 97-114.[PUBMED Abstract]
American Cancer Society: Cancer Surgery. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, 2019. Available online. Last accessed May 1, 2020.[PUBMED Abstract]
LeFebvre KB, Stiver W: Overview of cancer and cancer treatment. In: Polovich M, Olsen M, LeFebvre KB, eds.: Chemotherapy and Biotherapy Guidelines and Recommendations for Practice. 4th ed. Pittsburgh, Pa: Oncology Nursing Society, 2014, pp 1-16.[PUBMED Abstract]
Fishman M, Mrozek-Orlowski M, eds.: Cancer Chemotherapy Guidelines and Recommendations for Practice. 2nd ed. Pittsburgh, Pa: Oncology Nursing Press, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
Olsen M, Davis PF, Douglas TT, et al.: Side effects of cancer therapy. In: Polovich M, Olsen M, LeFebvre KB, eds.: Chemotherapy and Biotherapy Guidelines and Recommendations for Practice. 4th ed. Pittsburgh, Pa: Oncology Nursing Society, 2014, pp 171-436.[PUBMED Abstract]
Donaldson SS: Nutritional consequences of radiotherapy. Cancer Res 37 (7 Pt 2): 2407-13, 1977.[PUBMED Abstract]
Scarantino C, LeVeque F, Swann RS, et al.: Effect of pilocarpine during radiation therapy: results of RTOG 97-09, a phase III randomized study in head and neck cancer patients. J Support Oncol 4 (5): 252-8, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Romano MC: General symptom management: nutritional issues. In: Iwamoto RR, Haas ML, Gosselin TK, eds.: Manual for Radiation Oncology Nursing Practice and Education. 4th ed. Pittsburgh, Pa: Oncology Nursing Society, 2012, pp 80-94.[PUBMED Abstract]
Harris DJ, Witt ME: Site-specific management: head and neck. In: Iwamoto RR, Haas ML, Gosselin TK, eds.: Manual for Radiation Oncology Nursing Practice and Education. 4th ed. Pittsburgh, Pa: Oncology Nursing Society, 2012, pp 122-44.[PUBMED Abstract]
Huhmann MB, August DA: Perioperative nutrition support in cancer patients. Nutr Clin Pract 27 (5): 586-92, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Shim H, Cheong JH, Lee KY, et al.: Perioperative nutritional status changes in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Yonsei Med J 54 (6): 1370-6, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
American Cancer Society Website. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, 2020. Available online. Last accessed May 1, 2020.[PUBMED Abstract]
August DA, Huhmann MB; American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Board of Directors: A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support therapy during adult anticancer treatment and in hematopoietic cell transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 33 (5): 472-500, 2009 Sep-Oct.[PUBMED Abstract]
Macris PC: Medical nutrition therapy for hematopoietic cell transplantation. In: Leser M, Ledesma N, Bergerson S, et al., eds.: Oncology Nutrition for Clinical Practice. Chicago, Ill: Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group, 2018, pp 157-64.[PUBMED Abstract]
栄養スクリーニングは、病院スタッフまたはコミュニティ/外来診療チームのメンバーが十分に実施できるような簡単なプロセスであり、栄養不良またはそのリスクがある人の早期の特定が目標である。[
1
][
5
][
17
][
18
]American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition、European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism、およびAcademy of Nutrition and Dietetics(Academy)などの主要な栄養関連団体は、急性期および外来のいずれの設定でも、栄養不良のリスクについて患者をスクリーニングすることを推奨している。[
8
][
17
][
18
]Academy's Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group、Oncology Nursing Society、およびAssociation of Community Cancer Centersは、外来の設定ですべてのがん患者をスクリーニングすることを推奨している。[
1
][
5
]The Joint Commissionにより、すべての入院患者に対して栄養スクリーニングを実施することが義務付けられているため[
19
]、ほとんどの急性期治療施設はスクリーニングシステムを設けているが[
17
]、そのようなシステムは、がん治療の設定で規定されていなかったり、有効性が確認されていなかったりする場合がある。
NUTRISCOREツールではベースとしてMSTを利用しているが、腫瘍の位置や治療法など、感度(97.3% vs 84%)と特異度(95.9% vs 85.6%)の向上に役立つ追加の項目を取り入れている。著者らが外来でのがん治療の設定で確認のための参照としてPG-SGAを用いたところ、PG-SGAの記入にかかるよりもNUTRISCOREの記入にかかる時間の方が短いことも明らかにされた。[
24
]
Levin R: Nutrition risk screening and assessment of the oncology patient. In: Leser M, Ledesma N, Bergerson S, et al., eds.: Oncology Nutrition for Clinical Practice. Chicago, Ill: Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group, 2018, pp 25-32.[PUBMED Abstract]
Cushen SJ, Power DG, Ryan AM: Nutrition assessment in oncology. Top Clin Nutr 30 (1): 103-19, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Baldwin C, Spiro A, Ahern R, et al.: Oral nutritional interventions in malnourished patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 104 (5): 371-85, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Marian M, August DA: Prevalence of malnutrition and current use of nutrition support in cancer patient study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 38 (2): 163-5, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Oncology Expert Work Group: Nutrition and the Adult Oncology Patient. Chicago, Ill: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Library, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Aapro M, Arends J, Bozzetti F, et al.: Early recognition of malnutrition and cachexia in the cancer patient: a position paper of a European School of Oncology Task Force. Ann Oncol 25 (8): 1492-9, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
de van der Schueren M, Elia M, Gramlich L, et al.: Clinical and economic outcomes of nutrition interventions across the continuum of care. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1321: 20-40, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
White JV, Guenter P, Jensen G, et al.: Consensus statement of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition). J Acad Nutr Diet 112 (5): 730-8, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gioulbasanis I, Martin L, Baracos VE, et al.: Nutritional assessment in overweight and obese patients with metastatic cancer: does it make sense? Ann Oncol 26 (1): 217-21, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gonzalez MC, Pastore CA, Orlandi SP, et al.: Obesity paradox in cancer: new insights provided by body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 99 (5): 999-1005, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Rock CL, Doyle C, Demark-Wahnefried W, et al.: Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors. CA Cancer J Clin 62 (4): 243-74, 2012 Jul-Aug.[PUBMED Abstract]
Daniel CR, Shu X, Ye Y, et al.: Severe obesity prior to diagnosis limits survival in colorectal cancer patients evaluated at a large cancer centre. Br J Cancer 114 (1): 103-9, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Greenlee H, Shi Z, Sardo Molmenti CL, et al.: Trends in Obesity Prevalence in Adults With a History of Cancer: Results From the US National Health Interview Survey, 1997 to 2014. J Clin Oncol 34 (26): 3133-40, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Rock CL, Byers TE, Colditz GA, et al.: Reducing breast cancer recurrence with weight loss, a vanguard trial: the Exercise and Nutrition to Enhance Recovery and Good Health for You (ENERGY) Trial. Contemp Clin Trials 34 (2): 282-95, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Rock CL, Flatt SW, Byers TE, et al.: Results of the Exercise and Nutrition to Enhance Recovery and Good Health for You (ENERGY) Trial: A Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention in Overweight or Obese Breast Cancer Survivors. J Clin Oncol 33 (28): 3169-76, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Rock CL, Pande C, Flatt SW, et al.: Favorable changes in serum estrogens and other biologic factors after weight loss in breast cancer survivors who are overweight or obese. Clin Breast Cancer 13 (3): 188-95, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Mueller C, Compher C, Ellen DM, et al.: A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: Nutrition screening, assessment, and intervention in adults. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 35 (1): 16-24, 2011.[PUBMED Abstract]
Kondrup J, Allison SP, Elia M, et al.: ESPEN guidelines for nutrition screening 2002. Clin Nutr 22 (4): 415-21, 2003.[PUBMED Abstract]
The Joint Commission: 2017 Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals (CAMH). Oak Brook, Ill: Joint Commission Resources, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Isenring E, Cross G, Daniels L, et al.: Validity of the malnutrition screening tool as an effective predictor of nutritional risk in oncology outpatients receiving chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 14 (11): 1152-6, 2006.[PUBMED Abstract]
Ottery FD: Rethinking nutritional support of the cancer patient: the new field of nutritional oncology. Semin Oncol 21 (6): 770-8, 1994.[PUBMED Abstract]
Bauer J, Capra S, Ferguson M: Use of the scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) as a nutrition assessment tool in patients with cancer. Eur J Clin Nutr 56 (8): 779-85, 2002.[PUBMED Abstract]
Ferguson M, Capra S, Bauer J, et al.: Development of a valid and reliable malnutrition screening tool for adult acute hospital patients. Nutrition 15 (6): 458-64, 1999.[PUBMED Abstract]
Arribas L, Hurtós L, Sendrós MJ, et al.: NUTRISCORE: A new nutritional screening tool for oncological outpatients. Nutrition 33: 297-303, 2017.[PUBMED Abstract]
Vigano AL, di Tomasso J, Kilgour RD, et al.: The abridged patient-generated subjective global assessment is a useful tool for early detection and characterization of cancer cachexia. J Acad Nutr Diet 114 (7): 1088-98, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
Gabrielson DK, Scaffidi D, Leung E, et al.: Use of an abridged scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (abPG-SGA) as a nutritional screening tool for cancer patients in an outpatient setting. Nutr Cancer 65 (2): 234-9, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
Kondrup J, Rasmussen HH, Hamberg O, et al.: Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002): a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials. Clin Nutr 22 (3): 321-36, 2003.[PUBMED Abstract]
Orell-Kotikangas H, Österlund P, Saarilahti K, et al.: NRS-2002 for pre-treatment nutritional risk screening and nutritional status assessment in head and neck cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 23 (6): 1495-502, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Leuenberger M, Kurmann S, Stanga Z: Nutritional screening tools in daily clinical practice: the focus on cancer. Support Care Cancer 18 (Suppl 2): S17-27, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Huhmann MB, August DA: Review of American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) Clinical Guidelines for Nutrition Support in Cancer Patients: nutrition screening and assessment. Nutr Clin Pract 23 (2): 182-8, 2008 Apr-May.[PUBMED Abstract]
広範なエビデンスのレビューを基に、がん治療後のすべての患者に対して、植物性食物を基本とした食事、定期的な身体運動、および健康的な体重の達成に重点を置いた健康的な食事が推奨されている。[
4
][
5
]American Institute for Cancer Research(AICR)および米国がん協会(ACS)から、がんリスク低減のための健康的な食事に関する証拠に基づくガイドラインがオンラインで利用できる。
表5.治療中の栄養摂取の目標a
体重/栄養の状態
治療中
a出典:Hamilton et al.,[
2
] Kushi et al.,[
4
] and Rock et al.[
6
]
登録栄養士/食事療法士は、病院内および外来環境での腫瘍学チームに不可欠なメンバーである。Association of Community Cancer Centers Cancer Program Guidelines[
7
]では、患者、特に栄養問題が生じるリスクのある患者とその家族とともに活動するために対応できる栄養に関する専門家として登録栄養士を配置することを規定している。登録栄養士は、適切なスクリーニング、評価、および介入による一連のケアを通して、患者、家族、および医療チームとともに活動し、栄養および水分補給状態を管理し、栄養状態を最適に維持する。[
8
]
Grant BL: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Pocket Guide to the Nutrition Care Process and Cancer. Chicago, Ill: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Hamilton C, Boyce VJ: Addressing malnutrition in hospitalized adults. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 37 (6): 808-15, 2013.[PUBMED Abstract]
White JV, Guenter P, Jensen G, et al.: Consensus statement: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 36 (3): 275-83, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M, et al.: American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin 62 (1): 30-67, 2012 Jan-Feb.[PUBMED Abstract]
World Cancer Research Fund International: Cancer Prevention Recommendations. London, England: World Cancer Research Fund International, 2020. Available online. Last accessed May 1, 2020.[PUBMED Abstract]
Rock CL, Doyle C, Demark-Wahnefried W, et al.: Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors. CA Cancer J Clin 62 (4): 243-74, 2012 Jul-Aug.[PUBMED Abstract]
Association of Community Cancer Centers: Cancer Program Guidelines. Rockville, Md: Association of Community Cancer Centers, 2012. Also available online. Last accessed May 1, 2020.[PUBMED Abstract]
Clinical management and supportive care services. In: Association of Community Cancer Centers: Cancer Program Guidelines. Rockville, Md: Association of Community Cancer Centers, 2012, pp 10-25.[PUBMED Abstract]
Robien K, Bechard L, Elliott L, et al.: American Dietetic Association: Revised standards of practice and standards of professional performance for registered dietitians (generalist, specialty, and advanced) in oncology nutrition care. J Am Diet Assoc 110 (2): 310-7, 317.e1-23, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
Lee JL, Leong LP, Lim SL: Nutrition intervention approaches to reduce malnutrition in oncology patients: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer 24 (1): 469-80, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Ravasco P: Nutritional approaches in cancer: relevance of individualized counseling and supplementation. Nutrition 31 (4): 603-4, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Thompson KL, Elliott L, Fuchs-Tarlovsky V, et al.: Oncology Evidence-Based Nutrition Practice Guideline for Adults. J Acad Nutr Diet 117 (2): 297-310.e47, 2017.[PUBMED Abstract]
Cawood AL, Elia M, Stratton RJ: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of high protein oral nutritional supplements. Ageing Res Rev 11 (2): 278-96, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Sánchez-Lara K, Turcott JG, Juárez-Hernández E, et al.: Effects of an oral nutritional supplement containing eicosapentaenoic acid on nutritional and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: randomised trial. Clin Nutr 33 (6): 1017-23, 2014.[PUBMED Abstract]
van der Meij BS, Langius JA, Smit EF, et al.: Oral nutritional supplements containing (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids affect the nutritional status of patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer during multimodality treatment. J Nutr 140 (10): 1774-80, 2010.[PUBMED Abstract]
de Aguiar Pastore Silva J, Emilia de Souza Fabre M, Waitzberg DL: Omega-3 supplements for patients in chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy: A systematic review. Clin Nutr 34 (3): 359-66, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Ries A, Trottenberg P, Elsner F, et al.: A systematic review on the role of fish oil for the treatment of cachexia in advanced cancer: an EPCRC cachexia guidelines project. Palliat Med 26 (4): 294-304, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Ida S, Hiki N, Cho H, et al.: Randomized clinical trial comparing standard diet with perioperative oral immunonutrition in total gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 104 (4): 377-383, 2017.[PUBMED Abstract]
Burden S, Todd C, Hill J, et al.: Pre-operative nutrition support in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11: CD008879, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Song GM, Tian X, Zhang L, et al.: Immunonutrition Support for Patients Undergoing Surgery for Gastrointestinal Malignancy: Preoperative, Postoperative, or Perioperative? A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 94 (29): e1225, 2015.[PUBMED Abstract]
Hubbard GP, Elia M, Holdoway A, et al.: A systematic review of compliance to oral nutritional supplements. Clin Nutr 31 (3): 293-312, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Huhmann MB, August DA: Perioperative nutrition support in cancer patients. Nutr Clin Pract 27 (5): 586-92, 2012.[PUBMED Abstract]
Arends J, Bachmann P, Baracos V, et al.: ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clin Nutr 36 (1): 11-48, 2017.[PUBMED Abstract]
Ryan A: Nutrition support in the oncology setting. In: Leser M, Ledesma N, Bergerson S, et al., eds.: Oncology Nutrition for Clinical Practice. Chicago, Ill: Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group, 2018, pp 123-34.[PUBMED Abstract]
Chow R, Bruera E, Chiu L, et al.: Enteral and parenteral nutrition in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med 5 (1): 30-41, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
August DA, Huhmann MB; American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Board of Directors: A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support therapy during adult anticancer treatment and in hematopoietic cell transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 33 (5): 472-500, 2009 Sep-Oct.[PUBMED Abstract]
Brown TE, Crombie J, Spurgin AL, et al.: Improving guideline sensitivity and specificity for the identification of proactive gastrostomy placement in patients with head and neck cancer. Head Neck 38 (Suppl 1): E1163-71, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
Brown TE, Getliffe V, Banks MD, et al.: Validation of an updated evidence-based protocol for proactive gastrostomy tube insertion in patients with head and neck cancer. Eur J Clin Nutr 70 (5): 574-81, 2016.[PUBMED Abstract]
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American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicineは、終末期に近い時点で人工栄養および水分補給の効果について、医師、その他の医療専門家、患者、および家族との間で、お互いを尊重した情報に基づく話し合いを医療提供者が促すように提案している。[
11
]人工栄養および水分補給の実施、継続、または中止を検討している場合に存在する選択肢を説明し、患者および/または代理の意思決定者とともにケアの目標を確立することは、医師およびその他の医療提供者に課せられた義務である。理想的には、特定の医学的介入を患者が受け入れたり、見送ったりできる法的および倫理的基準に沿って、可能性のある有益性と負担の慎重な評価に基づいて患者自身が意思決定を行う。[
11
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g米国食品医薬品局の標準に適合し、逆浸透、蒸留、または1μm粒子の絶対濾過によりCryptosporidiumを除去する処理がなされているのであれば、ボトル水が使用できる。ボトル製造業者に直接連絡して、どの処理が使用されているか確認する。水のボトル製造業者への連絡先情報は、International Bottled Water Associationのウェブサイトで利用できる。
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